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YHWH adalah Tuhannya suku nomaden penyembah berhala
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YHWH adalah Tuhannya suku nomaden penyembah berhala
by hamba tuhan Mon 01 Nov 2010, 6:05 pm
Asal-mula nama YHWH dan temuan Arkeologi
Dari persepektif Islam, akan muncul pertanyaan :” Kalau Al-Qur’an menyatakan nama tersebut adalah ‘Allah’ sedangkan alkitab menjelaskan nama YHWH, lalu darimana asalnya nama YHWH tersebut..??”. Indikasi tentang asal-mula nama ini bisa kita dapatkan pada temuan arkeologi berupa prasasti yang dibuat dijaman Fir’aun Amenhotep III :
Prasasti Amenhotep III
Diperkirakan prasasti tersebut dibuat tahun 1400 BC pada pemerintahan Fir’aun Amenhotep III. Fir’aun ini termasuk salah seorang raja Mesir dari generasi ke-18, yaitu suatu generasi raja-raja Mesir yang berhasil melakukan perluasan wilayah kekuasaan menyebar sampai ke wilayah Syria dan Palestina sehingga terbuka kemungkinan untuk berinteraksi dengan suku-suku nomaden yang mendiami wilayah tersebut. Orang Mesir menjuluki suku-suku nomaden tersebut dengan ‘Shahu’. Al-Qur’an dan alkitab mengindikasikan bahwa Shahu ini merupakan kelompok-kelompok penyembah berhala [QS 7] dan Keluaran 23:23-24. Prasasti tersebut mengidentifikasi salah satu Shahu yang berada diwilayah Palestina dengan sebutan ‘the land of the Shasu of Yahweh’. Terdapat beberapa analisa dari para arkeolog soal nama ini :
Now let us draw some conclusions regarding the Land of the Shasu of Yahweh. Since no geographical term that is anything like Yahweh has been identified, this suggests that the hieroglyphic phrase t3 sh3sw ya-h-wa should be translated as “the land of the nomads who worship the God Yahweh” rather than as “the land of the nomads who live in the area of Yahweh.” In addition, the fact that no geographical term anything like Yahweh has been identified also strengthens the likelihood that the words ya-h-wa in the Soleb and Amarah texts are indeed early mentions of the God of Israel. (Sekarang mari kita menarik beberapa kesimpulan tentang Tanah Shasu Yahweh. Karena tidak ada istilah geografis yang sesuatu seperti Yahweh telah diidentifikasi, hal ini menunjukkan bahwa frase sh3sw hiroglif ya t3-h-wa harus diterjemahkan sebagai "tanah suku nomaden yang menyembah TUHAN," daripada sebagai "tanah suku nomaden yang tinggal di daerah Yahweh. "Selain itu, fakta bahwa tidak adanya istilah geografis yang mengidentifikasikan Yahweh juga memperkuat kemungkinan bahwa kata-kata ya-h-wa dalam teks Soleb dan Amarah memang awal menyebutkan dari Allah Israel).
Para ahli tersebut berusaha untuk memunculkan istilah ‘Yahweh’ tersebut bukan merujuk kepada nama suatu tempat, tapi merupakan nama sesembahan dari suku nomaden tersebut.
Amnehotep III berkuasa tahun 1390 – 1352 BC, jauh sebelum masa pemerintahan Ramses II dan Meneptah, berkuasa tahun 1279 – 1203 BC, yang merupakan Fir’aun yang diindikasikan sebagai masa hidupnya nabi Musa dan peristiwa eksodus sesuai informasi alkitab.
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daftar_raja_Mesir_kuno
Penyebutan nama tersebut memunculkan beberapa pertanyaan terkait dengan beberapa hipotesa tentang nama Yahweh dalam Perjanjian Lama :
1. Berdasarkan alkitab, nama Yahweh belum diperkenalkan sebelum peristiwa eksodus, lalu darimana suku nomaden penyembah berhala yang hidup di Palestina mengenal nama tersebut..??
2. Kalau dipakai hipotesa yang lain yang menyatakan bahwa nama tersebut sudah diperkenalkan namun tidak populer (karena manusia yang hidup telah terpisah dari Tuhan) , lalu mengapa justru nama Yahweh lebih populer dikenal dari suatu suku nomaden penyembah berhala dan bukan didapatkan dari orang-orang Israel yang hidup ditengah-tengah bangsa Mesir sebagai budak..??
Fakta-fakta tersebut memunculkan suatu kemungkinan bahwa nama Yahweh sebenarnya berasal dari nama berhala yang disembah oleh suatu Shasu diwilayah Palestina, lalu orang-orang Israel yang diselamatkan Musa menyeberang ke wilayah tersebut mengadopsi nama itu menjadi nama Tuhan. Apakah ini mungkin terjadi..??
Kedegilan Bangsa Israel
Kita harus terlebih dahulu mengungkapkan bagaimana sebenarnya perilaku kaum Israel pengikut nabi Musa ini. Alkitab menceritakan bahwa karakter mereka yang suka membangkang dan tidak tahu berterima-kasih, termasuk kecenderungan untuk menciptakan Tuhan selain Apa yang disembah oleh nabi Musa. Baru saja mereka diselamatkan dari bangsa Mesir dan menyeberang lautan, mereka mulai bertingkah banyak menuntut kepada Musa, bahkan ketika Musa tidak bersama mereka 40 hari karena sedang berada diatas bukti Sinai, mereka membuat patung sapi dari emas lalu menyembahnya, sehingga Musa sampai marah dan membanting loh-loh batu berisi hukum-hukum Taurat yang didapatnya dari Tuhan. Kerepotan Musa terhadap kelakuan kaumnya ini tercatat pada Kejadian 15 s/d 20 dan Kejadian 32. Sampai akhirnya Tuhan dan Musa sendiri menyatakan ‘prediksi’ tentang masa depan bangsa ini :
Ini kata Tuhan pada Ulangan 31:16-18
TUHAN berfirman kepada Musa: "Ketahuilah, engkau akan mendapat perhentian bersama-sama dengan nenek moyangmu dan bangsa ini akan bangkit dan berzinah dengan mengikuti allah asing yang ada di negeri, ke mana mereka akan masuk; mereka akan meninggalkan Aku dan mengingkari perjanjian-Ku yang Kuikat dengan mereka. Pada waktu itu murka-Ku akan bernyala-nyala terhadap mereka, Aku akan meninggalkan mereka dan menyembunyikan wajah-Ku terhadap mereka, sehingga mereka termakan habis dan banyak kali ditimpa malapetaka serta kesusahan. Maka pada waktu itu mereka akan berkata: Bukankah malapetaka itu menimpa kita, oleh sebab Allah kita tidak ada di tengah-tengah kita? Tetapi Aku akan menyembunyikan wajah-Ku sama sekali pada waktu itu, karena segala kejahatan yang telah dilakukan mereka: yakni mereka telah berpaling kepada allah lain.
Semakin kita telusuri... semakin gak jelas aja alkitab.........
https://murtadinkafirun.forumotion.com/kristen-khatolik-f3/yah-yhwh-yahweh-yaeh-nama-tuhan-kristen-dan-yahudi-nama-dewa-bulan-zaman-mesir-kuno-t8762.htm#42427
Dari persepektif Islam, akan muncul pertanyaan :” Kalau Al-Qur’an menyatakan nama tersebut adalah ‘Allah’ sedangkan alkitab menjelaskan nama YHWH, lalu darimana asalnya nama YHWH tersebut..??”. Indikasi tentang asal-mula nama ini bisa kita dapatkan pada temuan arkeologi berupa prasasti yang dibuat dijaman Fir’aun Amenhotep III :
Prasasti Amenhotep III
Diperkirakan prasasti tersebut dibuat tahun 1400 BC pada pemerintahan Fir’aun Amenhotep III. Fir’aun ini termasuk salah seorang raja Mesir dari generasi ke-18, yaitu suatu generasi raja-raja Mesir yang berhasil melakukan perluasan wilayah kekuasaan menyebar sampai ke wilayah Syria dan Palestina sehingga terbuka kemungkinan untuk berinteraksi dengan suku-suku nomaden yang mendiami wilayah tersebut. Orang Mesir menjuluki suku-suku nomaden tersebut dengan ‘Shahu’. Al-Qur’an dan alkitab mengindikasikan bahwa Shahu ini merupakan kelompok-kelompok penyembah berhala [QS 7] dan Keluaran 23:23-24. Prasasti tersebut mengidentifikasi salah satu Shahu yang berada diwilayah Palestina dengan sebutan ‘the land of the Shasu of Yahweh’. Terdapat beberapa analisa dari para arkeolog soal nama ini :
Now let us draw some conclusions regarding the Land of the Shasu of Yahweh. Since no geographical term that is anything like Yahweh has been identified, this suggests that the hieroglyphic phrase t3 sh3sw ya-h-wa should be translated as “the land of the nomads who worship the God Yahweh” rather than as “the land of the nomads who live in the area of Yahweh.” In addition, the fact that no geographical term anything like Yahweh has been identified also strengthens the likelihood that the words ya-h-wa in the Soleb and Amarah texts are indeed early mentions of the God of Israel. (Sekarang mari kita menarik beberapa kesimpulan tentang Tanah Shasu Yahweh. Karena tidak ada istilah geografis yang sesuatu seperti Yahweh telah diidentifikasi, hal ini menunjukkan bahwa frase sh3sw hiroglif ya t3-h-wa harus diterjemahkan sebagai "tanah suku nomaden yang menyembah TUHAN," daripada sebagai "tanah suku nomaden yang tinggal di daerah Yahweh. "Selain itu, fakta bahwa tidak adanya istilah geografis yang mengidentifikasikan Yahweh juga memperkuat kemungkinan bahwa kata-kata ya-h-wa dalam teks Soleb dan Amarah memang awal menyebutkan dari Allah Israel).
Para ahli tersebut berusaha untuk memunculkan istilah ‘Yahweh’ tersebut bukan merujuk kepada nama suatu tempat, tapi merupakan nama sesembahan dari suku nomaden tersebut.
Amnehotep III berkuasa tahun 1390 – 1352 BC, jauh sebelum masa pemerintahan Ramses II dan Meneptah, berkuasa tahun 1279 – 1203 BC, yang merupakan Fir’aun yang diindikasikan sebagai masa hidupnya nabi Musa dan peristiwa eksodus sesuai informasi alkitab.
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daftar_raja_Mesir_kuno
Penyebutan nama tersebut memunculkan beberapa pertanyaan terkait dengan beberapa hipotesa tentang nama Yahweh dalam Perjanjian Lama :
1. Berdasarkan alkitab, nama Yahweh belum diperkenalkan sebelum peristiwa eksodus, lalu darimana suku nomaden penyembah berhala yang hidup di Palestina mengenal nama tersebut..??
2. Kalau dipakai hipotesa yang lain yang menyatakan bahwa nama tersebut sudah diperkenalkan namun tidak populer (karena manusia yang hidup telah terpisah dari Tuhan) , lalu mengapa justru nama Yahweh lebih populer dikenal dari suatu suku nomaden penyembah berhala dan bukan didapatkan dari orang-orang Israel yang hidup ditengah-tengah bangsa Mesir sebagai budak..??
Fakta-fakta tersebut memunculkan suatu kemungkinan bahwa nama Yahweh sebenarnya berasal dari nama berhala yang disembah oleh suatu Shasu diwilayah Palestina, lalu orang-orang Israel yang diselamatkan Musa menyeberang ke wilayah tersebut mengadopsi nama itu menjadi nama Tuhan. Apakah ini mungkin terjadi..??
Kedegilan Bangsa Israel
Kita harus terlebih dahulu mengungkapkan bagaimana sebenarnya perilaku kaum Israel pengikut nabi Musa ini. Alkitab menceritakan bahwa karakter mereka yang suka membangkang dan tidak tahu berterima-kasih, termasuk kecenderungan untuk menciptakan Tuhan selain Apa yang disembah oleh nabi Musa. Baru saja mereka diselamatkan dari bangsa Mesir dan menyeberang lautan, mereka mulai bertingkah banyak menuntut kepada Musa, bahkan ketika Musa tidak bersama mereka 40 hari karena sedang berada diatas bukti Sinai, mereka membuat patung sapi dari emas lalu menyembahnya, sehingga Musa sampai marah dan membanting loh-loh batu berisi hukum-hukum Taurat yang didapatnya dari Tuhan. Kerepotan Musa terhadap kelakuan kaumnya ini tercatat pada Kejadian 15 s/d 20 dan Kejadian 32. Sampai akhirnya Tuhan dan Musa sendiri menyatakan ‘prediksi’ tentang masa depan bangsa ini :
Ini kata Tuhan pada Ulangan 31:16-18
TUHAN berfirman kepada Musa: "Ketahuilah, engkau akan mendapat perhentian bersama-sama dengan nenek moyangmu dan bangsa ini akan bangkit dan berzinah dengan mengikuti allah asing yang ada di negeri, ke mana mereka akan masuk; mereka akan meninggalkan Aku dan mengingkari perjanjian-Ku yang Kuikat dengan mereka. Pada waktu itu murka-Ku akan bernyala-nyala terhadap mereka, Aku akan meninggalkan mereka dan menyembunyikan wajah-Ku terhadap mereka, sehingga mereka termakan habis dan banyak kali ditimpa malapetaka serta kesusahan. Maka pada waktu itu mereka akan berkata: Bukankah malapetaka itu menimpa kita, oleh sebab Allah kita tidak ada di tengah-tengah kita? Tetapi Aku akan menyembunyikan wajah-Ku sama sekali pada waktu itu, karena segala kejahatan yang telah dilakukan mereka: yakni mereka telah berpaling kepada allah lain.
Semakin kita telusuri... semakin gak jelas aja alkitab.........
https://murtadinkafirun.forumotion.com/kristen-khatolik-f3/yah-yhwh-yahweh-yaeh-nama-tuhan-kristen-dan-yahudi-nama-dewa-bulan-zaman-mesir-kuno-t8762.htm#42427
Last edited by hamba tuhan on Mon 06 Dec 2010, 4:27 am; edited 1 time in total
hamba tuhan- MUSLIM
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hamba tuhan- MUSLIM
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Number of posts : 9932
Age : 23
Location : Aceh
Humor : Obrolan Santai dengan Om Yesus
Reputation : -206
Points : 15880
Registration date : 2010-09-20
Re: YHWH adalah Tuhannya suku nomaden penyembah berhala
by ingintau Wed 03 Nov 2010, 3:03 pm
Semoga damai TUHAN menyertai kita semua.
Boleh saja anda mengatakan bahwa nama YHWH/YHVH adalah nama tuhannya suku nomaden penyembah berhala.
Jika mencari dari ALKITAB terjemahan tentu susah mencari tahun kapan nama YHWH/YHVH pertama kali diperkenalkan.
Ini saya copase dari web lain.
Sedang nama TUHAN pada era Musa.
Boleh saja anda mengatakan bahwa nama YHWH/YHVH adalah nama tuhannya suku nomaden penyembah berhala.
Jika mencari dari ALKITAB terjemahan tentu susah mencari tahun kapan nama YHWH/YHVH pertama kali diperkenalkan.
Ini saya copase dari web lain.
* Kejadian 4:1
LAI TB, Kemudian manusia itu bersetubuh dengan Hawa, isterinya, dan mengandunglah perempuan itu, lalu melahirkan Kain; maka kata perempuan itu: "Aku telah mendapat seorang anak laki-laki dengan pertolongan TUHAN."
KJV, And Adam knew Eve his wife; and she conceived, and bare Cain, and said, I have gotten a man from the LORD.
Hebrew,
וְהָאָדָם יָדַע אֶת־חַוָּה אִשְׁתֹּו וַתַּהַר וַתֵּלֶד אֶת־קַיִן וַתֹּאמֶר קָנִיתִי אִישׁ אֶת־יְהוָה׃
Translit, VEHA'ADAM YADA 'ET-KHAVAH 'ISYTO VATAHAR VATELED 'ET-QAYIN VATOMER QANITI 'ISY 'ET-YEHOVAH
* Kejadian 4:26
LAI TB, Lahirlah seorang anak laki-laki bagi Set juga dan anak itu dinamainya Enos. Waktu itulah orang mulai memanggil nama TUHAN.
KJV, And to Seth, to him also there was born a son; and he called his name Enos: then began men to call upon the name of the LORD.
Hebrew,
וּלְשֵׁת גַּם־הוּא יֻלַּד־בֵּן וַיִּקְרָא אֶת־שְׁמֹו אֱנֹושׁ אָז הוּחַל לִקְרֹא בְּשֵׁם יְהוָה׃ פ
Translit, ULESYET GAM-HU YULAD-BEN VAYIQRA 'ET-SYEMO 'ENOSYI 'AZ HUKHAL LIQRO BESYEM YEHOVAH
* Kejadian 26:25
LAI TB, Sesudah itu Ishak mendirikan mezbah di situ dan memanggil nama TUHAN. Ia memasang kemahnya di situ, lalu hamba-hambanya menggali sumur di situ.
KJV, And he builded an altar there, and called upon the name of the LORD, and pitched his tent there: and there Isaac's servants digged a well.
Hebrew,
וַיִּבֶן שָׁם מִזְבֵּחַ וַיִּקְרָא בְּשֵׁם יְהוָה וַיֶּט־שָׁם אָהֳלֹו וַיִּכְרוּ־שָׁם עַבְדֵי־יִצְחָק בְּאֵר׃
Translit, VAYIVEN SYAM MIZBE'AKH VAYIQRA BE'SYEM YEHOVAH VAYETO-SYAM 'AHOLO VAYIQHRU-SYAM 'AVDEY-YITSKHAQ BE'ER
Sedang nama TUHAN pada era Musa.
* Keluaran 3:13
LAI-TB, Lalu Musa berkata kepada Allah: "Tetapi apabila aku mendapatkan orang Israel dan berkata kepada mereka: Allah nenek moyangmu telah mengutus aku kepadamu, dan mereka bertanya kepadaku: bagaimana tentang nama-Nya? -apakah yang harus kujawab kepada mereka?"
King James Version (KJV), And Moses said unto God, Behold, when I come unto the children of Israel, and shall say unto them, The God of your fathers hath sent me unto you; and they shall say to me, What is his name? what shall I say unto them?
Biblia Hebraic Stuttgartensia (BHS), Hebrew with vowels,
וַיֹּאמֶר מֹשֶׁה אֶל־הָאֱלֹהִים הִנֵּה אָנֹכִי בָא אֶל־בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וְאָמַרְתִּי לָהֶם אֱלֹהֵי אֲבֹותֵיכֶם שְׁלָחַנִי אֲלֵיכֶם וְאָמְרוּ־לִי מַה־שְּׁמֹו מָה אֹמַר אֲלֵהֶם׃
Translit, VAYOMER MOSYEH 'EL-HA'ELOHIM HINEH ANOKHI VA 'EL-BENEI YISRA'EL VE'AMARTI LAHEM ELOHEI AVOTEIKHEM SYELAKHANI ALEIKHEM VE'AMERU-LI MAH-SYEMO MAH 'OMAR 'ALEHEM
Perhatikan bagaimana pertanyaan Musa, "Bagaimana tentang nama-Nya?", " מה־שמו - MAH-SYEMO".
* Keluaran 3:14
LAI TB, Firman Allah kepada Musa: AKU ADALAH AKU Lagi firman-Nya: "Beginilah kaukatakan kepada orang Israel itu: AKULAH AKU telah mengutus aku kepadamu."
KJV, And God said unto Moses, I AM THAT I AM: and he said, Thus shalt thou say unto the children of Israel, I AM hath sent me unto you.
Septuaginta (LXX), και ειπεν ο θεος προς μωυσην εγω ειμι ο ων και ειπεν ουτως ερεις τοις υιοις ισραηλ ο ων απεσταλκεν με προς υμας
Translit, KAI EIPEN HO THEOS PROS MÔUSÊN EGÔ EIMI HO ÔN KAI EIPEN AUTÔS EREIS TOIS HUIOIS ISRAÊL HO ÔN APESTALKEN ME PROS HUMAS
Hebrew,
וַיֹּאמֶר אֱלֹהִים אֶל־מֹשֶׁה אֶהְיֶה אֲשֶׁר אֶהְיֶה וַיֹּאמֶר כֹּה תֹאמַר לִבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶהְיֶה שְׁלָחַנִי אֲלֵיכֶם׃
Translit interlinear, VAYO'MER {dan Dia berfirman} 'ELOHIM {Allah} 'EL-MOSYEH {kepada Musa} 'EHEYEH {Aku akan ada} 'ASYER {yang} 'EHEYEH {Aku akan ada} VAYO'MER {dan Dia berfirman} KOH {demikian} TO'MAR {engkau harus berkata} LIVENEY {kepada anak-anak} YISERA'EL {Israel} 'EHEYEH {Aku akan ada} SYELAKHANI {mengutus aku} 'ALEYKHEM {ke atas kalian}
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Re: YHWH adalah Tuhannya suku nomaden penyembah berhala
by hamba tuhan Wed 03 Nov 2010, 4:14 pm
ingintau wrote:Semoga damai TUHAN menyertai kita semua.
Boleh saja anda mengatakan bahwa nama YHWH/YHVH adalah nama tuhannya suku nomaden penyembah berhala.
Jika mencari dari ALKITAB terjemahan tentu susah mencari tahun kapan nama YHWH/YHVH pertama kali diperkenalkan.
Ini saya copase dari web lain.
* Kejadian 4:1
LAI TB, Kemudian manusia itu bersetubuh dengan Hawa, isterinya, dan mengandunglah perempuan itu, lalu melahirkan Kain; maka kata perempuan itu: "Aku telah mendapat seorang anak laki-laki dengan pertolongan TUHAN."
KJV, And Adam knew Eve his wife; and she conceived, and bare Cain, and said, I have gotten a man from the LORD.
Hebrew,
וְהָאָדָם יָדַע אֶת־חַוָּה אִשְׁתֹּו וַתַּהַר וַתֵּלֶד אֶת־קַיִן וַתֹּאמֶר קָנִיתִי אִישׁ אֶת־יְהוָה׃
Translit, VEHA'ADAM YADA 'ET-KHAVAH 'ISYTO VATAHAR VATELED 'ET-QAYIN VATOMER QANITI 'ISY 'ET-YEHOVAH
* Kejadian 4:26
LAI TB, Lahirlah seorang anak laki-laki bagi Set juga dan anak itu dinamainya Enos. Waktu itulah orang mulai memanggil nama TUHAN.
KJV, And to Seth, to him also there was born a son; and he called his name Enos: then began men to call upon the name of the LORD.
Hebrew,
וּלְשֵׁת גַּם־הוּא יֻלַּד־בֵּן וַיִּקְרָא אֶת־שְׁמֹו אֱנֹושׁ אָז הוּחַל לִקְרֹא בְּשֵׁם יְהוָה׃ פ
Translit, ULESYET GAM-HU YULAD-BEN VAYIQRA 'ET-SYEMO 'ENOSYI 'AZ HUKHAL LIQRO BESYEM YEHOVAH
* Kejadian 26:25
LAI TB, Sesudah itu Ishak mendirikan mezbah di situ dan memanggil nama TUHAN. Ia memasang kemahnya di situ, lalu hamba-hambanya menggali sumur di situ.
KJV, And he builded an altar there, and called upon the name of the LORD, and pitched his tent there: and there Isaac's servants digged a well.
Hebrew,
וַיִּבֶן שָׁם מִזְבֵּחַ וַיִּקְרָא בְּשֵׁם יְהוָה וַיֶּט־שָׁם אָהֳלֹו וַיִּכְרוּ־שָׁם עַבְדֵי־יִצְחָק בְּאֵר׃
Translit, VAYIVEN SYAM MIZBE'AKH VAYIQRA BE'SYEM YEHOVAH VAYETO-SYAM 'AHOLO VAYIQHRU-SYAM 'AVDEY-YITSKHAQ BE'ER
Sedang nama TUHAN pada era Musa.
* Keluaran 3:13
LAI-TB, Lalu Musa berkata kepada Allah: "Tetapi apabila aku mendapatkan orang Israel dan berkata kepada mereka: Allah nenek moyangmu telah mengutus aku kepadamu, dan mereka bertanya kepadaku: bagaimana tentang nama-Nya? -apakah yang harus kujawab kepada mereka?"
King James Version (KJV), And Moses said unto God, Behold, when I come unto the children of Israel, and shall say unto them, The God of your fathers hath sent me unto you; and they shall say to me, What is his name? what shall I say unto them?
Biblia Hebraic Stuttgartensia (BHS), Hebrew with vowels,
וַיֹּאמֶר מֹשֶׁה אֶל־הָאֱלֹהִים הִנֵּה אָנֹכִי בָא אֶל־בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וְאָמַרְתִּי לָהֶם אֱלֹהֵי אֲבֹותֵיכֶם שְׁלָחַנִי אֲלֵיכֶם וְאָמְרוּ־לִי מַה־שְּׁמֹו מָה אֹמַר אֲלֵהֶם׃
Translit, VAYOMER MOSYEH 'EL-HA'ELOHIM HINEH ANOKHI VA 'EL-BENEI YISRA'EL VE'AMARTI LAHEM ELOHEI AVOTEIKHEM SYELAKHANI ALEIKHEM VE'AMERU-LI MAH-SYEMO MAH 'OMAR 'ALEHEM
Perhatikan bagaimana pertanyaan Musa, "Bagaimana tentang nama-Nya?", " מה־שמו - MAH-SYEMO".
* Keluaran 3:14
LAI TB, Firman Allah kepada Musa: AKU ADALAH AKU Lagi firman-Nya: "Beginilah kaukatakan kepada orang Israel itu: AKULAH AKU telah mengutus aku kepadamu."
KJV, And God said unto Moses, I AM THAT I AM: and he said, Thus shalt thou say unto the children of Israel, I AM hath sent me unto you.
Septuaginta (LXX), και ειπεν ο θεος προς μωυσην εγω ειμι ο ων και ειπεν ουτως ερεις τοις υιοις ισραηλ ο ων απεσταλκεν με προς υμας
Translit, KAI EIPEN HO THEOS PROS MÔUSÊN EGÔ EIMI HO ÔN KAI EIPEN AUTÔS EREIS TOIS HUIOIS ISRAÊL HO ÔN APESTALKEN ME PROS HUMAS
Hebrew,
וַיֹּאמֶר אֱלֹהִים אֶל־מֹשֶׁה אֶהְיֶה אֲשֶׁר אֶהְיֶה וַיֹּאמֶר כֹּה תֹאמַר לִבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶהְיֶה שְׁלָחַנִי אֲלֵיכֶם׃
Translit interlinear, VAYO'MER {dan Dia berfirman} 'ELOHIM {Allah} 'EL-MOSYEH {kepada Musa} 'EHEYEH {Aku akan ada} 'ASYER {yang} 'EHEYEH {Aku akan ada} VAYO'MER {dan Dia berfirman} KOH {demikian} TO'MAR {engkau harus berkata} LIVENEY {kepada anak-anak} YISERA'EL {Israel} 'EHEYEH {Aku akan ada} SYELAKHANI {mengutus aku} 'ALEYKHEM {ke atas kalian}
Boleh saja anda mengatakan bahwa nama YHWH/YHVH adalah nama tuhannya suku nomaden penyembah berhala.
Berarti bung ingin tau setuju bahwa YHWH/YHVH adalah nama tuhannya suku nomaden penyembah berhala. Makasih..........
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Re: YHWH adalah Tuhannya suku nomaden penyembah berhala
by ingintau Wed 03 Nov 2010, 4:26 pm
Semoga damai TUHAN menyertai kita semua.
@hamba tuhan
Nama YHWH/YHVH telah dikenal sejak anak Adam yang bernama Set lahir. (perhatikan ayat yang saya sertakan).
Jadi dijaman SET lahir jelas belum ada penyembah berhala/pagan.
Jadi jika berdasarkan waktu siapa lebih dahulu menggunakan nama tersebut, jelas ALKITAB lebih dahulu mengatakan.
Jadi penyembah pagan yang mencatut nama tersebut untuk sesembahannya, bukan sebaliknya.
@hamba tuhan
Rupanya anda tidak memperhatikan ayat-2 yang saya sertakan.hamba tuhan wrote:
Berarti bung ingin tau setuju bahwa YHWH/YHVH adalah nama tuhannya suku nomaden penyembah berhala. Makasih..........
Nama YHWH/YHVH telah dikenal sejak anak Adam yang bernama Set lahir. (perhatikan ayat yang saya sertakan).
Jadi dijaman SET lahir jelas belum ada penyembah berhala/pagan.
Jadi jika berdasarkan waktu siapa lebih dahulu menggunakan nama tersebut, jelas ALKITAB lebih dahulu mengatakan.
Jadi penyembah pagan yang mencatut nama tersebut untuk sesembahannya, bukan sebaliknya.
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Re: YHWH adalah Tuhannya suku nomaden penyembah berhala
by hamba tuhan Wed 03 Nov 2010, 4:37 pm
ingintau wrote:Semoga damai TUHAN menyertai kita semua.
@hamba tuhanRupanya anda tidak memperhatikan ayat-2 yang saya sertakan.hamba tuhan wrote:
Berarti bung ingin tau setuju bahwa YHWH/YHVH adalah nama tuhannya suku nomaden penyembah berhala. Makasih..........
Nama YHWH/YHVH telah dikenal sejak anak Adam yang bernama Set lahir. (perhatikan ayat yang saya sertakan).
Jadi dijaman SET lahir jelas belum ada penyembah berhala/pagan.
Jadi jika berdasarkan waktu siapa lebih dahulu menggunakan nama tersebut, jelas ALKITAB lebih dahulu mengatakan.
Jadi penyembah pagan yang mencatut nama tersebut untuk sesembahannya, bukan sebaliknya.
Hebrew,
וְהָאָדָם יָדַע אֶת־חַוָּה אִשְׁתֹּו וַתַּהַר וַתֵּלֶד אֶת־קַיִן וַתֹּאמֶר קָנִיתִי אִישׁ אֶת־יְהוָה׃
Translit, VEHA'ADAM YADA 'ET-KHAVAH 'ISYTO VATAHAR VATELED 'ET-QAYIN VATOMER QANITI 'ISY 'ET-YEHOVAH.
Boleh tau dimana sekarang manuskrip hebrew yg saya bold itu??????
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Re: YHWH adalah Tuhannya suku nomaden penyembah berhala
by ingintau Thu 04 Nov 2010, 11:33 am
Semoga damai TUHAN menyertai kita semua.
Jujur tadinya saya tidak peduli sama sekali tentang kapan nama YHVH/YHWH mulai digunakan, tetapi karena trit anda inilah akhirnya saya mencari tau, dan ternyata dapat di tempat saya biasa sarapan.
Terus terang saya tidak tau manuskrip tersebut ada dimana, silahkan anda tanya ke web kristen mungkin mereka tau.hamba tuhan wrote:
Hebrew,
וְהָאָדָם יָדַע אֶת־חַוָּה אִשְׁתֹּו וַתַּהַר וַתֵּלֶד אֶת־קַיִן וַתֹּאמֶר קָנִיתִי אִישׁ אֶת־יְהוָה׃
Translit, VEHA'ADAM YADA 'ET-KHAVAH 'ISYTO VATAHAR VATELED 'ET-QAYIN VATOMER QANITI 'ISY 'ET-YEHOVAH.
Boleh tau dimana sekarang manuskrip hebrew yg saya bold itu??????
Jujur tadinya saya tidak peduli sama sekali tentang kapan nama YHVH/YHWH mulai digunakan, tetapi karena trit anda inilah akhirnya saya mencari tau, dan ternyata dapat di tempat saya biasa sarapan.
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Re: YHWH adalah Tuhannya suku nomaden penyembah berhala
by mencari petunjuk Sat 20 Nov 2010, 2:48 pm
ingintau wrote:Semoga damai TUHAN menyertai kita semua.
Boleh saja anda mengatakan bahwa nama YHWH/YHVH adalah nama tuhannya suku nomaden penyembah berhala.
Jika mencari dari ALKITAB terjemahan tentu susah mencari tahun kapan nama YHWH/YHVH pertama kali diperkenalkan.
Ini saya copase dari web lain.
* Kejadian 4:1
LAI TB, Kemudian manusia itu bersetubuh dengan Hawa, isterinya, dan mengandunglah perempuan itu, lalu melahirkan Kain; maka kata perempuan itu: "Aku telah mendapat seorang anak laki-laki dengan pertolongan TUHAN."
KJV, And Adam knew Eve his wife; and she conceived, and bare Cain, and said, I have gotten a man from the LORD.
Hebrew,
וְהָאָדָם יָדַע אֶת־חַוָּה אִשְׁתֹּו וַתַּהַר וַתֵּלֶד אֶת־קַיִן וַתֹּאמֶר קָנִיתִי אִישׁ אֶת־יְהוָה׃
Translit, VEHA'ADAM YADA 'ET-KHAVAH 'ISYTO VATAHAR VATELED 'ET-QAYIN VATOMER QANITI 'ISY 'ET-YEHOVAH
* Kejadian 4:26
LAI TB, Lahirlah seorang anak laki-laki bagi Set juga dan anak itu dinamainya Enos. Waktu itulah orang mulai memanggil nama TUHAN.
KJV, And to Seth, to him also there was born a son; and he called his name Enos: then began men to call upon the name of the LORD.
Hebrew,
וּלְשֵׁת גַּם־הוּא יֻלַּד־בֵּן וַיִּקְרָא אֶת־שְׁמֹו אֱנֹושׁ אָז הוּחַל לִקְרֹא בְּשֵׁם יְהוָה׃ פ
Translit, ULESYET GAM-HU YULAD-BEN VAYIQRA 'ET-SYEMO 'ENOSYI 'AZ HUKHAL LIQRO BESYEM YEHOVAH
* Kejadian 26:25
LAI TB, Sesudah itu Ishak mendirikan mezbah di situ dan memanggil nama TUHAN. Ia memasang kemahnya di situ, lalu hamba-hambanya menggali sumur di situ.
KJV, And he builded an altar there, and called upon the name of the LORD, and pitched his tent there: and there Isaac's servants digged a well.
Hebrew,
וַיִּבֶן שָׁם מִזְבֵּחַ וַיִּקְרָא בְּשֵׁם יְהוָה וַיֶּט־שָׁם אָהֳלֹו וַיִּכְרוּ־שָׁם עַבְדֵי־יִצְחָק בְּאֵר׃
Translit, VAYIVEN SYAM MIZBE'AKH VAYIQRA BE'SYEM YEHOVAH VAYETO-SYAM 'AHOLO VAYIQHRU-SYAM 'AVDEY-YITSKHAQ BE'ER
Sedang nama TUHAN pada era Musa.
* Keluaran 3:13
LAI-TB, Lalu Musa berkata kepada Allah: "Tetapi apabila aku mendapatkan orang Israel dan berkata kepada mereka: Allah nenek moyangmu telah mengutus aku kepadamu, dan mereka bertanya kepadaku: bagaimana tentang nama-Nya? -apakah yang harus kujawab kepada mereka?"
King James Version (KJV), And Moses said unto God, Behold, when I come unto the children of Israel, and shall say unto them, The God of your fathers hath sent me unto you; and they shall say to me, What is his name? what shall I say unto them?
Biblia Hebraic Stuttgartensia (BHS), Hebrew with vowels,
וַיֹּאמֶר מֹשֶׁה אֶל־הָאֱלֹהִים הִנֵּה אָנֹכִי בָא אֶל־בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וְאָמַרְתִּי לָהֶם אֱלֹהֵי אֲבֹותֵיכֶם שְׁלָחַנִי אֲלֵיכֶם וְאָמְרוּ־לִי מַה־שְּׁמֹו מָה אֹמַר אֲלֵהֶם׃
Translit, VAYOMER MOSYEH 'EL-HA'ELOHIM HINEH ANOKHI VA 'EL-BENEI YISRA'EL VE'AMARTI LAHEM ELOHEI AVOTEIKHEM SYELAKHANI ALEIKHEM VE'AMERU-LI MAH-SYEMO MAH 'OMAR 'ALEHEM
Perhatikan bagaimana pertanyaan Musa, "Bagaimana tentang nama-Nya?", " מה־שמו - MAH-SYEMO".
* Keluaran 3:14
LAI TB, Firman Allah kepada Musa: AKU ADALAH AKU Lagi firman-Nya: "Beginilah kaukatakan kepada orang Israel itu: AKULAH AKU telah mengutus aku kepadamu."
KJV, And God said unto Moses, I AM THAT I AM: and he said, Thus shalt thou say unto the children of Israel, I AM hath sent me unto you.
Septuaginta (LXX), και ειπεν ο θεος προς μωυσην εγω ειμι ο ων και ειπεν ουτως ερεις τοις υιοις ισραηλ ο ων απεσταλκεν με προς υμας
Translit, KAI EIPEN HO THEOS PROS MÔUSÊN EGÔ EIMI HO ÔN KAI EIPEN AUTÔS EREIS TOIS HUIOIS ISRAÊL HO ÔN APESTALKEN ME PROS HUMAS
Hebrew,
וַיֹּאמֶר אֱלֹהִים אֶל־מֹשֶׁה אֶהְיֶה אֲשֶׁר אֶהְיֶה וַיֹּאמֶר כֹּה תֹאמַר לִבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶהְיֶה שְׁלָחַנִי אֲלֵיכֶם׃
Translit interlinear, VAYO'MER {dan Dia berfirman} 'ELOHIM {Allah} 'EL-MOSYEH {kepada Musa} 'EHEYEH {Aku akan ada} 'ASYER {yang} 'EHEYEH {Aku akan ada} VAYO'MER {dan Dia berfirman} KOH {demikian} TO'MAR {engkau harus berkata} LIVENEY {kepada anak-anak} YISERA'EL {Israel} 'EHEYEH {Aku akan ada} SYELAKHANI {mengutus aku} 'ALEYKHEM {ke atas kalian}
gimana ya kita percaya tuhan, nama tuhan aja tidak tau siapa dan siapa orang yg memberikan nama tuhan tsb. apakah yg memberitahukan nama tuhan itu dia adalah seorang utusan tuhan? atau bukan utusan tuhan? membingungkan agama yang begini
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Re: YHWH adalah Tuhannya suku nomaden penyembah berhala
by ingintau Mon 22 Nov 2010, 2:00 pm
Baca ALKITAB, cari tau siapa SET tersebut, dan sepert apa dia mengenal TUHAN.mencari petunjuk wrote:ingintau wrote:Semoga damai TUHAN menyertai kita semua.
Boleh saja anda mengatakan bahwa nama YHWH/YHVH adalah nama tuhannya suku nomaden penyembah berhala.
Jika mencari dari ALKITAB terjemahan tentu susah mencari tahun kapan nama YHWH/YHVH pertama kali diperkenalkan.
Ini saya copase dari web lain.
* Kejadian 4:1
LAI TB, Kemudian manusia itu bersetubuh dengan Hawa, isterinya, dan mengandunglah perempuan itu, lalu melahirkan Kain; maka kata perempuan itu: "Aku telah mendapat seorang anak laki-laki dengan pertolongan TUHAN."
KJV, And Adam knew Eve his wife; and she conceived, and bare Cain, and said, I have gotten a man from the LORD.
Hebrew,
וְהָאָדָם יָדַע אֶת־חַוָּה אִשְׁתֹּו וַתַּהַר וַתֵּלֶד אֶת־קַיִן וַתֹּאמֶר קָנִיתִי אִישׁ אֶת־יְהוָה׃
Translit, VEHA'ADAM YADA 'ET-KHAVAH 'ISYTO VATAHAR VATELED 'ET-QAYIN VATOMER QANITI 'ISY 'ET-YEHOVAH
* Kejadian 4:26
LAI TB, Lahirlah seorang anak laki-laki bagi Set juga dan anak itu dinamainya Enos. Waktu itulah orang mulai memanggil nama TUHAN.
KJV, And to Seth, to him also there was born a son; and he called his name Enos: then began men to call upon the name of the LORD.
Hebrew,
וּלְשֵׁת גַּם־הוּא יֻלַּד־בֵּן וַיִּקְרָא אֶת־שְׁמֹו אֱנֹושׁ אָז הוּחַל לִקְרֹא בְּשֵׁם יְהוָה׃ פ
Translit, ULESYET GAM-HU YULAD-BEN VAYIQRA 'ET-SYEMO 'ENOSYI 'AZ HUKHAL LIQRO BESYEM YEHOVAH
* Kejadian 26:25
LAI TB, Sesudah itu Ishak mendirikan mezbah di situ dan memanggil nama TUHAN. Ia memasang kemahnya di situ, lalu hamba-hambanya menggali sumur di situ.
KJV, And he builded an altar there, and called upon the name of the LORD, and pitched his tent there: and there Isaac's servants digged a well.
Hebrew,
וַיִּבֶן שָׁם מִזְבֵּחַ וַיִּקְרָא בְּשֵׁם יְהוָה וַיֶּט־שָׁם אָהֳלֹו וַיִּכְרוּ־שָׁם עַבְדֵי־יִצְחָק בְּאֵר׃
Translit, VAYIVEN SYAM MIZBE'AKH VAYIQRA BE'SYEM YEHOVAH VAYETO-SYAM 'AHOLO VAYIQHRU-SYAM 'AVDEY-YITSKHAQ BE'ER
Sedang nama TUHAN pada era Musa.
* Keluaran 3:13
LAI-TB, Lalu Musa berkata kepada Allah: "Tetapi apabila aku mendapatkan orang Israel dan berkata kepada mereka: Allah nenek moyangmu telah mengutus aku kepadamu, dan mereka bertanya kepadaku: bagaimana tentang nama-Nya? -apakah yang harus kujawab kepada mereka?"
King James Version (KJV), And Moses said unto God, Behold, when I come unto the children of Israel, and shall say unto them, The God of your fathers hath sent me unto you; and they shall say to me, What is his name? what shall I say unto them?
Biblia Hebraic Stuttgartensia (BHS), Hebrew with vowels,
וַיֹּאמֶר מֹשֶׁה אֶל־הָאֱלֹהִים הִנֵּה אָנֹכִי בָא אֶל־בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וְאָמַרְתִּי לָהֶם אֱלֹהֵי אֲבֹותֵיכֶם שְׁלָחַנִי אֲלֵיכֶם וְאָמְרוּ־לִי מַה־שְּׁמֹו מָה אֹמַר אֲלֵהֶם׃
Translit, VAYOMER MOSYEH 'EL-HA'ELOHIM HINEH ANOKHI VA 'EL-BENEI YISRA'EL VE'AMARTI LAHEM ELOHEI AVOTEIKHEM SYELAKHANI ALEIKHEM VE'AMERU-LI MAH-SYEMO MAH 'OMAR 'ALEHEM
Perhatikan bagaimana pertanyaan Musa, "Bagaimana tentang nama-Nya?", " מה־שמו - MAH-SYEMO".
* Keluaran 3:14
LAI TB, Firman Allah kepada Musa: AKU ADALAH AKU Lagi firman-Nya: "Beginilah kaukatakan kepada orang Israel itu: AKULAH AKU telah mengutus aku kepadamu."
KJV, And God said unto Moses, I AM THAT I AM: and he said, Thus shalt thou say unto the children of Israel, I AM hath sent me unto you.
Septuaginta (LXX), και ειπεν ο θεος προς μωυσην εγω ειμι ο ων και ειπεν ουτως ερεις τοις υιοις ισραηλ ο ων απεσταλκεν με προς υμας
Translit, KAI EIPEN HO THEOS PROS MÔUSÊN EGÔ EIMI HO ÔN KAI EIPEN AUTÔS EREIS TOIS HUIOIS ISRAÊL HO ÔN APESTALKEN ME PROS HUMAS
Hebrew,
וַיֹּאמֶר אֱלֹהִים אֶל־מֹשֶׁה אֶהְיֶה אֲשֶׁר אֶהְיֶה וַיֹּאמֶר כֹּה תֹאמַר לִבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶהְיֶה שְׁלָחַנִי אֲלֵיכֶם׃
Translit interlinear, VAYO'MER {dan Dia berfirman} 'ELOHIM {Allah} 'EL-MOSYEH {kepada Musa} 'EHEYEH {Aku akan ada} 'ASYER {yang} 'EHEYEH {Aku akan ada} VAYO'MER {dan Dia berfirman} KOH {demikian} TO'MAR {engkau harus berkata} LIVENEY {kepada anak-anak} YISERA'EL {Israel} 'EHEYEH {Aku akan ada} SYELAKHANI {mengutus aku} 'ALEYKHEM {ke atas kalian}
gimana ya kita percaya tuhan, nama tuhan aja tidak tau siapa dan siapa orang yg memberikan nama tuhan tsb. apakah yg memberitahukan nama tuhan itu dia adalah seorang utusan tuhan? atau bukan utusan tuhan? membingungkan agama yang begini
Dan seperti apa ayah dan ibunya mengenal TUHAN.
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Re: YHWH adalah Tuhannya suku nomaden penyembah berhala
by hamba tuhan Mon 22 Nov 2010, 5:16 pm
* Kejadian 4:1
LAI TB, Kemudian manusia itu bersetubuh dengan Hawa, isterinya, dan mengandunglah perempuan itu, lalu melahirkan Kain; maka kata perempuan itu: "Aku telah mendapat seorang anak laki-laki dengan pertolongan TUHAN."
KJV, And Adam knew Eve his wife; and she conceived, and bare Cain, and said, I have gotten a man from the LORD.
Hebrew,
וְהָאָדָם יָדַע אֶת־חַוָּה אִשְׁתֹּו וַתַּהַר וַתֵּלֶד אֶת־קַיִן וַתֹּאמֶר קָנִיתִי אִישׁ אֶת־יְהוָה׃
Translit(terjemahan), VEHA'ADAM YADA 'ET-KHAVAH 'ISYTO VATAHAR VATELED 'ET-QAYIN VATOMER QANITI 'ISY 'ET-YEHOVAH
Maaf temen ingin tau..... kalo menurut saya YEHOVAH itu adalah terjemahan Hebrew yg artinya TUHAN(indonesia) LORD(inggris), berarti YEHOVAH bukan nama TUHAN tp hanyalah terjemahan bahasa saja.
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Re: YHWH adalah Tuhannya suku nomaden penyembah berhala
by ingintau Tue 23 Nov 2010, 5:01 pm
Semoga damai TUHAN menyertai kita semua.
Jawabannya sama di https://murtadinkafirun.forumotion.com/kristen-khatolik-f3/tantangan-buat-si-ingin-tau-untuk-apa-sih-yesus-diutus-kedunia-ini-t8262.htm#40161hamba tuhan wrote:
* Kejadian 4:1
LAI TB, Kemudian manusia itu bersetubuh dengan Hawa, isterinya, dan mengandunglah perempuan itu, lalu melahirkan Kain; maka kata perempuan itu: "Aku telah mendapat seorang anak laki-laki dengan pertolongan TUHAN."
KJV, And Adam knew Eve his wife; and she conceived, and bare Cain, and said, I have gotten a man from the LORD.
Hebrew,
וְהָאָדָם יָדַע אֶת־חַוָּה אִשְׁתֹּו וַתַּהַר וַתֵּלֶד אֶת־קַיִן וַתֹּאמֶר קָנִיתִי אִישׁ אֶת־יְהוָה׃
Translit(terjemahan), VEHA'ADAM YADA 'ET-KHAVAH 'ISYTO VATAHAR VATELED 'ET-QAYIN VATOMER QANITI 'ISY 'ET-YEHOVAH
Maaf temen ingin tau..... kalo menurut saya YEHOVAH itu adalah terjemahan Hebrew yg artinya TUHAN(indonesia) LORD(inggris), berarti YEHOVAH bukan nama TUHAN tp hanyalah terjemahan bahasa saja.
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Re: YHWH adalah Tuhannya suku nomaden penyembah berhala
by hamba tuhan Mon 06 Dec 2010, 4:25 am
ingintau wrote:Semoga damai TUHAN menyertai kita semua.Terus terang saya tidak tau manuskrip tersebut ada dimana, silahkan anda tanya ke web kristen mungkin mereka tau.hamba tuhan wrote:
Hebrew,
וְהָאָדָם יָדַע אֶת־חַוָּה אִשְׁתֹּו וַתַּהַר וַתֵּלֶד אֶת־קַיִן וַתֹּאמֶר קָנִיתִי אִישׁ אֶת־יְהוָה׃
Translit, VEHA'ADAM YADA 'ET-KHAVAH 'ISYTO VATAHAR VATELED 'ET-QAYIN VATOMER QANITI 'ISY 'ET-YEHOVAH.
Boleh tau dimana sekarang manuskrip hebrew yg saya bold itu??????
Jujur tadinya saya tidak peduli sama sekali tentang kapan nama YHVH/YHWH mulai digunakan, tetapi karena trit anda inilah akhirnya saya mencari tau, dan ternyata dapat di tempat saya biasa sarapan.
Sbenarnya nama TUHAN itu dalam bahasa ibrani kuno menurut saya adalah ELLOAH.... dasar hurufnya LLH
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Re: YHWH adalah Tuhannya suku nomaden penyembah berhala
by ingintau Wed 08 Dec 2010, 3:02 pm
Semoga damai TUHAN menyertai kita semua.
Bagi anda nama TUHAN dalama bahasa ibrani kuno ELLOAH.
Tetapi bagi saya nama TUHAN yang benar adalah YHVH.
Karana bagi saya ELLOAH, ELOI, EL adalah julukan atau nama lain.
Ibarat manusia sekarang...nama TUKUL ARWANA tetapi nama aslinya Arianto, Komeng aslinya bernama Alfiansyah.
Bahkan nama aliasnya lebih terkenal dibanding nama aslinya.
Jadi Silahkan saudaraku menggunakan nama ELLOAH.
Tidak apa saudaraku, masing-2 punya pendapat dan pandangan.hamba tuhan wrote:ingintau wrote:Semoga damai TUHAN menyertai kita semua.Terus terang saya tidak tau manuskrip tersebut ada dimana, silahkan anda tanya ke web kristen mungkin mereka tau.hamba tuhan wrote:
Hebrew,
וְהָאָדָם יָדַע אֶת־חַוָּה אִשְׁתֹּו וַתַּהַר וַתֵּלֶד אֶת־קַיִן וַתֹּאמֶר קָנִיתִי אִישׁ אֶת־יְהוָה׃
Translit, VEHA'ADAM YADA 'ET-KHAVAH 'ISYTO VATAHAR VATELED 'ET-QAYIN VATOMER QANITI 'ISY 'ET-YEHOVAH.
Boleh tau dimana sekarang manuskrip hebrew yg saya bold itu??????
Jujur tadinya saya tidak peduli sama sekali tentang kapan nama YHVH/YHWH mulai digunakan, tetapi karena trit anda inilah akhirnya saya mencari tau, dan ternyata dapat di tempat saya biasa sarapan.
Sbenarnya nama TUHAN itu dalam bahasa ibrani kuno menurut saya adalah ELLOAH.... dasar hurufnya LLH
Bagi anda nama TUHAN dalama bahasa ibrani kuno ELLOAH.
Tetapi bagi saya nama TUHAN yang benar adalah YHVH.
Karana bagi saya ELLOAH, ELOI, EL adalah julukan atau nama lain.
Ibarat manusia sekarang...nama TUKUL ARWANA tetapi nama aslinya Arianto, Komeng aslinya bernama Alfiansyah.
Bahkan nama aliasnya lebih terkenal dibanding nama aslinya.
Jadi Silahkan saudaraku menggunakan nama ELLOAH.
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Re: YHWH adalah Tuhannya suku nomaden penyembah berhala
by hamba tuhan Wed 08 Dec 2010, 3:27 pm
ingintau wrote:Semoga damai TUHAN menyertai kita semua.Tidak apa saudaraku, masing-2 punya pendapat dan pandangan.hamba tuhan wrote:ingintau wrote:Semoga damai TUHAN menyertai kita semua.Terus terang saya tidak tau manuskrip tersebut ada dimana, silahkan anda tanya ke web kristen mungkin mereka tau.hamba tuhan wrote:
Hebrew,
וְהָאָדָם יָדַע אֶת־חַוָּה אִשְׁתֹּו וַתַּהַר וַתֵּלֶד אֶת־קַיִן וַתֹּאמֶר קָנִיתִי אִישׁ אֶת־יְהוָה׃
Translit, VEHA'ADAM YADA 'ET-KHAVAH 'ISYTO VATAHAR VATELED 'ET-QAYIN VATOMER QANITI 'ISY 'ET-YEHOVAH.
Boleh tau dimana sekarang manuskrip hebrew yg saya bold itu??????
Jujur tadinya saya tidak peduli sama sekali tentang kapan nama YHVH/YHWH mulai digunakan, tetapi karena trit anda inilah akhirnya saya mencari tau, dan ternyata dapat di tempat saya biasa sarapan.
Sbenarnya nama TUHAN itu dalam bahasa ibrani kuno menurut saya adalah ELLOAH.... dasar hurufnya LLH
Bagi anda nama TUHAN dalama bahasa ibrani kuno ELLOAH.
Tetapi bagi saya nama TUHAN yang benar adalah YHVH.
Karana bagi saya ELLOAH, ELOI, EL adalah julukan atau nama lain.
Ibarat manusia sekarang...nama TUKUL ARWANA tetapi nama aslinya Arianto, Komeng aslinya bernama Alfiansyah.
Bahkan nama aliasnya lebih terkenal dibanding nama aslinya.
Jadi Silahkan saudaraku menggunakan nama ELLOAH.
iya temen ingin tau.... saya berasumsi berdasarkan ucapan yudas diatas salib yaitu "Elloah, Elloah, lama sabakhtani? kenapa yudas tidak berucap YHVH, YHVH, lama sabakhtani?
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Re: YHWH adalah Tuhannya suku nomaden penyembah berhala
by ingintau Thu 09 Dec 2010, 4:38 pm
Semoga damai TUHAN menyertai kita semua.
Wah kalau yudas saya nggak tau, karena yudas matinya tidak disalib.
Seperti pertanyaan saya tentang yudas didalam
dalam link https://murtadinkafirun.forumotion.com/kristen-khatolik-f3/pembuktian-yesus-tidak-disalib-melainkan-diangkat-kelangit-oleh-allah-berdasarkan-alkitab-t8550-100.htm
yang belum ditanggapi.
Dan saya yakin pasti jawabannya "YA".
Karena hanya itu yang bisa dijawab, tidak bisa tidak.
Saya tunggu jawabannya dilink tersebut
hamba tuhan wrote:ingintau wrote:Semoga damai TUHAN menyertai kita semua.Tidak apa saudaraku, masing-2 punya pendapat dan pandangan.hamba tuhan wrote:ingintau wrote:Semoga damai TUHAN menyertai kita semua.Terus terang saya tidak tau manuskrip tersebut ada dimana, silahkan anda tanya ke web kristen mungkin mereka tau.hamba tuhan wrote:
Hebrew,
וְהָאָדָם יָדַע אֶת־חַוָּה אִשְׁתֹּו וַתַּהַר וַתֵּלֶד אֶת־קַיִן וַתֹּאמֶר קָנִיתִי אִישׁ אֶת־יְהוָה׃
Translit, VEHA'ADAM YADA 'ET-KHAVAH 'ISYTO VATAHAR VATELED 'ET-QAYIN VATOMER QANITI 'ISY 'ET-YEHOVAH.
Boleh tau dimana sekarang manuskrip hebrew yg saya bold itu??????
Jujur tadinya saya tidak peduli sama sekali tentang kapan nama YHVH/YHWH mulai digunakan, tetapi karena trit anda inilah akhirnya saya mencari tau, dan ternyata dapat di tempat saya biasa sarapan.
Sbenarnya nama TUHAN itu dalam bahasa ibrani kuno menurut saya adalah ELLOAH.... dasar hurufnya LLH
Bagi anda nama TUHAN dalama bahasa ibrani kuno ELLOAH.
Tetapi bagi saya nama TUHAN yang benar adalah YHVH.
Karana bagi saya ELLOAH, ELOI, EL adalah julukan atau nama lain.
Ibarat manusia sekarang...nama TUKUL ARWANA tetapi nama aslinya Arianto, Komeng aslinya bernama Alfiansyah.
Bahkan nama aliasnya lebih terkenal dibanding nama aslinya.
Jadi Silahkan saudaraku menggunakan nama ELLOAH.
iya temen ingin tau.... saya berasumsi berdasarkan ucapan yudas diatas salib yaitu "Elloah, Elloah, lama sabakhtani? kenapa yudas tidak berucap YHVH, YHVH, lama sabakhtani?
Wah kalau yudas saya nggak tau, karena yudas matinya tidak disalib.
Seperti pertanyaan saya tentang yudas didalam
dalam link https://murtadinkafirun.forumotion.com/kristen-khatolik-f3/pembuktian-yesus-tidak-disalib-melainkan-diangkat-kelangit-oleh-allah-berdasarkan-alkitab-t8550-100.htm
yang belum ditanggapi.
Apakah saudaraku hamba tuhan mau mengatakan bahwa Mat 27:5 adalah ayat tambahan?ingintau wrote:Semoga damai TUHAN menyertai kita semua.
Menurut answering-ff.
1. YESUS tidak di salib, yang di salib adalah YUDAS.
2. Yudas sebagai ganti YESUS yang mati di kayu salib.
Skenario pertama :
Yudas saat di salib belum mati, diturunkan dan dibawa kedalam gua.?
--> Pertanyaannya : Jika Yudas belum mati, lantas Yudas kemana? dan bagaimana menerangkan Mat 27:5, dan apa motifnya sehingga Yudas harus bunuh diri?
Skenario ke dua:
Yudas sudah mati, dan diturunkan dan dibawa kedalam gua?
--> Pertanyaanya: Siapa yang menampakan diri dikuburan tersebut? YESUS atau YUDAS? Lalu mayatnya kemana? Lalu Yudas siapa yang bunuh diri di Mat 27:5,
Dan saya yakin pasti jawabannya "YA".
Karena hanya itu yang bisa dijawab, tidak bisa tidak.
Saya tunggu jawabannya dilink tersebut
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Re: YHWH adalah Tuhannya suku nomaden penyembah berhala
by hamba tuhan1 Sun 17 Jul 2011, 11:26 pm
ingintau wrote:Semoga damai TUHAN menyertai kita semua.hamba tuhan wrote:ingintau wrote:Semoga damai TUHAN menyertai kita semua.Tidak apa saudaraku, masing-2 punya pendapat dan pandangan.hamba tuhan wrote:ingintau wrote:Semoga damai TUHAN menyertai kita semua.Terus terang saya tidak tau manuskrip tersebut ada dimana, silahkan anda tanya ke web kristen mungkin mereka tau.hamba tuhan wrote:
Hebrew,
וְהָאָדָם יָדַע אֶת־חַוָּה אִשְׁתֹּו וַתַּהַר וַתֵּלֶד אֶת־קַיִן וַתֹּאמֶר קָנִיתִי אִישׁ אֶת־יְהוָה׃
Translit, VEHA'ADAM YADA 'ET-KHAVAH 'ISYTO VATAHAR VATELED 'ET-QAYIN VATOMER QANITI 'ISY 'ET-YEHOVAH.
Boleh tau dimana sekarang manuskrip hebrew yg saya bold itu??????
Jujur tadinya saya tidak peduli sama sekali tentang kapan nama YHVH/YHWH mulai digunakan, tetapi karena trit anda inilah akhirnya saya mencari tau, dan ternyata dapat di tempat saya biasa sarapan.
Sbenarnya nama TUHAN itu dalam bahasa ibrani kuno menurut saya adalah ELLOAH.... dasar hurufnya LLH
Bagi anda nama TUHAN dalama bahasa ibrani kuno ELLOAH.
Tetapi bagi saya nama TUHAN yang benar adalah YHVH.
Karana bagi saya ELLOAH, ELOI, EL adalah julukan atau nama lain.
Ibarat manusia sekarang...nama TUKUL ARWANA tetapi nama aslinya Arianto, Komeng aslinya bernama Alfiansyah.
Bahkan nama aliasnya lebih terkenal dibanding nama aslinya.
Jadi Silahkan saudaraku menggunakan nama ELLOAH.
iya temen ingin tau.... saya berasumsi berdasarkan ucapan yudas diatas salib yaitu "Elloah, Elloah, lama sabakhtani? kenapa yudas tidak berucap YHVH, YHVH, lama sabakhtani?
Wah kalau yudas saya nggak tau, karena yudas matinya tidak disalib.
Seperti pertanyaan saya tentang yudas didalam
dalam link https://murtadinkafirun.forumotion.com/kristen-khatolik-f3/pembuktian-yesus-tidak-disalib-melainkan-diangkat-kelangit-oleh-allah-berdasarkan-alkitab-t8550-100.htm
yang belum ditanggapi.Apakah saudaraku hamba tuhan mau mengatakan bahwa Mat 27:5 adalah ayat tambahan?ingintau wrote:Semoga damai TUHAN menyertai kita semua.
Menurut answering-ff.
1. YESUS tidak di salib, yang di salib adalah YUDAS.
2. Yudas sebagai ganti YESUS yang mati di kayu salib.
Skenario pertama :
Yudas saat di salib belum mati, diturunkan dan dibawa kedalam gua.?
--> Pertanyaannya : Jika Yudas belum mati, lantas Yudas kemana? dan bagaimana menerangkan Mat 27:5, dan apa motifnya sehingga Yudas harus bunuh diri?
Skenario ke dua:
Yudas sudah mati, dan diturunkan dan dibawa kedalam gua?
--> Pertanyaanya: Siapa yang menampakan diri dikuburan tersebut? YESUS atau YUDAS? Lalu mayatnya kemana? Lalu Yudas siapa yang bunuh diri di Mat 27:5,
Dan saya yakin pasti jawabannya "YA".
Karena hanya itu yang bisa dijawab, tidak bisa tidak.
Saya tunggu jawabannya dilink tersebut
kayaknya temen ingin tau dah gak aktif lg ya... udah saya jawab dilink tsb
mantap jawaban temen ingin tau bahwa Mat 27:5 adalah ayat tambahan
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Re: YHWH adalah Tuhannya suku nomaden penyembah berhala
by mencari petunjuk Mon 18 Jul 2011, 1:39 am
hamba tuhan wrote:Asal-mula nama YHWH dan temuan Arkeologi
Dari persepektif Islam, akan muncul pertanyaan :” Kalau Al-Qur’an menyatakan nama tersebut adalah ‘Allah’ sedangkan alkitab menjelaskan nama YHWH, lalu darimana asalnya nama YHWH tersebut..??”. Indikasi tentang asal-mula nama ini bisa kita dapatkan pada temuan arkeologi berupa prasasti yang dibuat dijaman Fir’aun Amenhotep III :
Prasasti Amenhotep III
Diperkirakan prasasti tersebut dibuat tahun 1400 BC pada pemerintahan Fir’aun Amenhotep III. Fir’aun ini termasuk salah seorang raja Mesir dari generasi ke-18, yaitu suatu generasi raja-raja Mesir yang berhasil melakukan perluasan wilayah kekuasaan menyebar sampai ke wilayah Syria dan Palestina sehingga terbuka kemungkinan untuk berinteraksi dengan suku-suku nomaden yang mendiami wilayah tersebut. Orang Mesir menjuluki suku-suku nomaden tersebut dengan ‘Shahu’. Al-Qur’an dan alkitab mengindikasikan bahwa Shahu ini merupakan kelompok-kelompok penyembah berhala [QS 7] dan Keluaran 23:23-24. Prasasti tersebut mengidentifikasi salah satu Shahu yang berada diwilayah Palestina dengan sebutan ‘the land of the Shasu of Yahweh’. Terdapat beberapa analisa dari para arkeolog soal nama ini :
Now let us draw some conclusions regarding the Land of the Shasu of Yahweh. Since no geographical term that is anything like Yahweh has been identified, this suggests that the hieroglyphic phrase t3 sh3sw ya-h-wa should be translated as “the land of the nomads who worship the God Yahweh” rather than as “the land of the nomads who live in the area of Yahweh.” In addition, the fact that no geographical term anything like Yahweh has been identified also strengthens the likelihood that the words ya-h-wa in the Soleb and Amarah texts are indeed early mentions of the God of Israel. (Sekarang mari kita menarik beberapa kesimpulan tentang Tanah Shasu Yahweh. Karena tidak ada istilah geografis yang sesuatu seperti Yahweh telah diidentifikasi, hal ini menunjukkan bahwa frase sh3sw hiroglif ya t3-h-wa harus diterjemahkan sebagai "tanah suku nomaden yang menyembah TUHAN," daripada sebagai "tanah suku nomaden yang tinggal di daerah Yahweh. "Selain itu, fakta bahwa tidak adanya istilah geografis yang mengidentifikasikan Yahweh juga memperkuat kemungkinan bahwa kata-kata ya-h-wa dalam teks Soleb dan Amarah memang awal menyebutkan dari Allah Israel).
Para ahli tersebut berusaha untuk memunculkan istilah ‘Yahweh’ tersebut bukan merujuk kepada nama suatu tempat, tapi merupakan nama sesembahan dari suku nomaden tersebut.
Amnehotep III berkuasa tahun 1390 – 1352 BC, jauh sebelum masa pemerintahan Ramses II dan Meneptah, berkuasa tahun 1279 – 1203 BC, yang merupakan Fir’aun yang diindikasikan sebagai masa hidupnya nabi Musa dan peristiwa eksodus sesuai informasi alkitab.
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daftar_raja_Mesir_kuno
Penyebutan nama tersebut memunculkan beberapa pertanyaan terkait dengan beberapa hipotesa tentang nama Yahweh dalam Perjanjian Lama :
1. Berdasarkan alkitab, nama Yahweh belum diperkenalkan sebelum peristiwa eksodus, lalu darimana suku nomaden penyembah berhala yang hidup di Palestina mengenal nama tersebut..??
2. Kalau dipakai hipotesa yang lain yang menyatakan bahwa nama tersebut sudah diperkenalkan namun tidak populer (karena manusia yang hidup telah terpisah dari Tuhan) , lalu mengapa justru nama Yahweh lebih populer dikenal dari suatu suku nomaden penyembah berhala dan bukan didapatkan dari orang-orang Israel yang hidup ditengah-tengah bangsa Mesir sebagai budak..??
Fakta-fakta tersebut memunculkan suatu kemungkinan bahwa nama Yahweh sebenarnya berasal dari nama berhala yang disembah oleh suatu Shasu diwilayah Palestina, lalu orang-orang Israel yang diselamatkan Musa menyeberang ke wilayah tersebut mengadopsi nama itu menjadi nama Tuhan. Apakah ini mungkin terjadi..??
Kedegilan Bangsa Israel
Kita harus terlebih dahulu mengungkapkan bagaimana sebenarnya perilaku kaum Israel pengikut nabi Musa ini. Alkitab menceritakan bahwa karakter mereka yang suka membangkang dan tidak tahu berterima-kasih, termasuk kecenderungan untuk menciptakan Tuhan selain Apa yang disembah oleh nabi Musa. Baru saja mereka diselamatkan dari bangsa Mesir dan menyeberang lautan, mereka mulai bertingkah banyak menuntut kepada Musa, bahkan ketika Musa tidak bersama mereka 40 hari karena sedang berada diatas bukti Sinai, mereka membuat patung sapi dari emas lalu menyembahnya, sehingga Musa sampai marah dan membanting loh-loh batu berisi hukum-hukum Taurat yang didapatnya dari Tuhan. Kerepotan Musa terhadap kelakuan kaumnya ini tercatat pada Kejadian 15 s/d 20 dan Kejadian 32. Sampai akhirnya Tuhan dan Musa sendiri menyatakan ‘prediksi’ tentang masa depan bangsa ini :
Ini kata Tuhan pada Ulangan 31:16-18
TUHAN berfirman kepada Musa: "Ketahuilah, engkau akan mendapat perhentian bersama-sama dengan nenek moyangmu dan bangsa ini akan bangkit dan berzinah dengan mengikuti allah asing yang ada di negeri, ke mana mereka akan masuk; mereka akan meninggalkan Aku dan mengingkari perjanjian-Ku yang Kuikat dengan mereka. Pada waktu itu murka-Ku akan bernyala-nyala terhadap mereka, Aku akan meninggalkan mereka dan menyembunyikan wajah-Ku terhadap mereka, sehingga mereka termakan habis dan banyak kali ditimpa malapetaka serta kesusahan. Maka pada waktu itu mereka akan berkata: Bukankah malapetaka itu menimpa kita, oleh sebab Allah kita tidak ada di tengah-tengah kita? Tetapi Aku akan menyembunyikan wajah-Ku sama sekali pada waktu itu, karena segala kejahatan yang telah dilakukan mereka: yakni mereka telah berpaling kepada allah lain.
Semakin kita telusuri... semakin gak jelas aja alkitab.........
https://murtadinkafirun.forumotion.com/kristen-khatolik-f3/yah-yhwh-yahweh-yaeh-nama-tuhan-kristen-dan-yahudi-nama-dewa-bulan-zaman-mesir-kuno-t8762.htm#42427
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Re: YHWH adalah Tuhannya suku nomaden penyembah berhala
by hamba tuhan Tue 06 Sep 2011, 11:22 am
mencari petunjuk wrote:hamba tuhan wrote:Asal-mula nama YHWH dan temuan Arkeologi
Dari persepektif Islam, akan muncul pertanyaan :” Kalau Al-Qur’an menyatakan nama tersebut adalah ‘Allah’ sedangkan alkitab menjelaskan nama YHWH, lalu darimana asalnya nama YHWH tersebut..??”. Indikasi tentang asal-mula nama ini bisa kita dapatkan pada temuan arkeologi berupa prasasti yang dibuat dijaman Fir’aun Amenhotep III :
Prasasti Amenhotep III
Diperkirakan prasasti tersebut dibuat tahun 1400 BC pada pemerintahan Fir’aun Amenhotep III. Fir’aun ini termasuk salah seorang raja Mesir dari generasi ke-18, yaitu suatu generasi raja-raja Mesir yang berhasil melakukan perluasan wilayah kekuasaan menyebar sampai ke wilayah Syria dan Palestina sehingga terbuka kemungkinan untuk berinteraksi dengan suku-suku nomaden yang mendiami wilayah tersebut. Orang Mesir menjuluki suku-suku nomaden tersebut dengan ‘Shahu’. Al-Qur’an dan alkitab mengindikasikan bahwa Shahu ini merupakan kelompok-kelompok penyembah berhala [QS 7] dan Keluaran 23:23-24. Prasasti tersebut mengidentifikasi salah satu Shahu yang berada diwilayah Palestina dengan sebutan ‘the land of the Shasu of Yahweh’. Terdapat beberapa analisa dari para arkeolog soal nama ini :
Now let us draw some conclusions regarding the Land of the Shasu of Yahweh. Since no geographical term that is anything like Yahweh has been identified, this suggests that the hieroglyphic phrase t3 sh3sw ya-h-wa should be translated as “the land of the nomads who worship the God Yahweh” rather than as “the land of the nomads who live in the area of Yahweh.” In addition, the fact that no geographical term anything like Yahweh has been identified also strengthens the likelihood that the words ya-h-wa in the Soleb and Amarah texts are indeed early mentions of the God of Israel. (Sekarang mari kita menarik beberapa kesimpulan tentang Tanah Shasu Yahweh. Karena tidak ada istilah geografis yang sesuatu seperti Yahweh telah diidentifikasi, hal ini menunjukkan bahwa frase sh3sw hiroglif ya t3-h-wa harus diterjemahkan sebagai "tanah suku nomaden yang menyembah TUHAN," daripada sebagai "tanah suku nomaden yang tinggal di daerah Yahweh. "Selain itu, fakta bahwa tidak adanya istilah geografis yang mengidentifikasikan Yahweh juga memperkuat kemungkinan bahwa kata-kata ya-h-wa dalam teks Soleb dan Amarah memang awal menyebutkan dari Allah Israel).
Para ahli tersebut berusaha untuk memunculkan istilah ‘Yahweh’ tersebut bukan merujuk kepada nama suatu tempat, tapi merupakan nama sesembahan dari suku nomaden tersebut.
Amnehotep III berkuasa tahun 1390 – 1352 BC, jauh sebelum masa pemerintahan Ramses II dan Meneptah, berkuasa tahun 1279 – 1203 BC, yang merupakan Fir’aun yang diindikasikan sebagai masa hidupnya nabi Musa dan peristiwa eksodus sesuai informasi alkitab.
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daftar_raja_Mesir_kuno
Penyebutan nama tersebut memunculkan beberapa pertanyaan terkait dengan beberapa hipotesa tentang nama Yahweh dalam Perjanjian Lama :
1. Berdasarkan alkitab, nama Yahweh belum diperkenalkan sebelum peristiwa eksodus, lalu darimana suku nomaden penyembah berhala yang hidup di Palestina mengenal nama tersebut..??
2. Kalau dipakai hipotesa yang lain yang menyatakan bahwa nama tersebut sudah diperkenalkan namun tidak populer (karena manusia yang hidup telah terpisah dari Tuhan) , lalu mengapa justru nama Yahweh lebih populer dikenal dari suatu suku nomaden penyembah berhala dan bukan didapatkan dari orang-orang Israel yang hidup ditengah-tengah bangsa Mesir sebagai budak..??
Fakta-fakta tersebut memunculkan suatu kemungkinan bahwa nama Yahweh sebenarnya berasal dari nama berhala yang disembah oleh suatu Shasu diwilayah Palestina, lalu orang-orang Israel yang diselamatkan Musa menyeberang ke wilayah tersebut mengadopsi nama itu menjadi nama Tuhan. Apakah ini mungkin terjadi..??
Kedegilan Bangsa Israel
Kita harus terlebih dahulu mengungkapkan bagaimana sebenarnya perilaku kaum Israel pengikut nabi Musa ini. Alkitab menceritakan bahwa karakter mereka yang suka membangkang dan tidak tahu berterima-kasih, termasuk kecenderungan untuk menciptakan Tuhan selain Apa yang disembah oleh nabi Musa. Baru saja mereka diselamatkan dari bangsa Mesir dan menyeberang lautan, mereka mulai bertingkah banyak menuntut kepada Musa, bahkan ketika Musa tidak bersama mereka 40 hari karena sedang berada diatas bukti Sinai, mereka membuat patung sapi dari emas lalu menyembahnya, sehingga Musa sampai marah dan membanting loh-loh batu berisi hukum-hukum Taurat yang didapatnya dari Tuhan. Kerepotan Musa terhadap kelakuan kaumnya ini tercatat pada Kejadian 15 s/d 20 dan Kejadian 32. Sampai akhirnya Tuhan dan Musa sendiri menyatakan ‘prediksi’ tentang masa depan bangsa ini :
Ini kata Tuhan pada Ulangan 31:16-18
TUHAN berfirman kepada Musa: "Ketahuilah, engkau akan mendapat perhentian bersama-sama dengan nenek moyangmu dan bangsa ini akan bangkit dan berzinah dengan mengikuti allah asing yang ada di negeri, ke mana mereka akan masuk; mereka akan meninggalkan Aku dan mengingkari perjanjian-Ku yang Kuikat dengan mereka. Pada waktu itu murka-Ku akan bernyala-nyala terhadap mereka, Aku akan meninggalkan mereka dan menyembunyikan wajah-Ku terhadap mereka, sehingga mereka termakan habis dan banyak kali ditimpa malapetaka serta kesusahan. Maka pada waktu itu mereka akan berkata: Bukankah malapetaka itu menimpa kita, oleh sebab Allah kita tidak ada di tengah-tengah kita? Tetapi Aku akan menyembunyikan wajah-Ku sama sekali pada waktu itu, karena segala kejahatan yang telah dilakukan mereka: yakni mereka telah berpaling kepada allah lain.
Semakin kita telusuri... semakin gak jelas aja alkitab.........
https://murtadinkafirun.forumotion.com/kristen-khatolik-f3/yah-yhwh-yahweh-yaeh-nama-tuhan-kristen-dan-yahudi-nama-dewa-bulan-zaman-mesir-kuno-t8762.htm#42427
:affraid: :affraid: :affraid:
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Re: YHWH adalah Tuhannya suku nomaden penyembah berhala
by lihd Tue 06 Sep 2011, 11:35 am
hamba tuhan wrote:mencari petunjuk wrote:hamba tuhan wrote:Asal-mula nama YHWH dan temuan Arkeologi
Dari persepektif Islam, akan muncul pertanyaan :” Kalau Al-Qur’an menyatakan nama tersebut adalah ‘Allah’ sedangkan alkitab menjelaskan nama YHWH, lalu darimana asalnya nama YHWH tersebut..??”. Indikasi tentang asal-mula nama ini bisa kita dapatkan pada temuan arkeologi berupa prasasti yang dibuat dijaman Fir’aun Amenhotep III :
Prasasti Amenhotep III
Diperkirakan prasasti tersebut dibuat tahun 1400 BC pada pemerintahan Fir’aun Amenhotep III. Fir’aun ini termasuk salah seorang raja Mesir dari generasi ke-18, yaitu suatu generasi raja-raja Mesir yang berhasil melakukan perluasan wilayah kekuasaan menyebar sampai ke wilayah Syria dan Palestina sehingga terbuka kemungkinan untuk berinteraksi dengan suku-suku nomaden yang mendiami wilayah tersebut. Orang Mesir menjuluki suku-suku nomaden tersebut dengan ‘Shahu’. Al-Qur’an dan alkitab mengindikasikan bahwa Shahu ini merupakan kelompok-kelompok penyembah berhala [QS 7] dan Keluaran 23:23-24. Prasasti tersebut mengidentifikasi salah satu Shahu yang berada diwilayah Palestina dengan sebutan ‘the land of the Shasu of Yahweh’. Terdapat beberapa analisa dari para arkeolog soal nama ini :
Now let us draw some conclusions regarding the Land of the Shasu of Yahweh. Since no geographical term that is anything like Yahweh has been identified, this suggests that the hieroglyphic phrase t3 sh3sw ya-h-wa should be translated as “the land of the nomads who worship the God Yahweh” rather than as “the land of the nomads who live in the area of Yahweh.” In addition, the fact that no geographical term anything like Yahweh has been identified also strengthens the likelihood that the words ya-h-wa in the Soleb and Amarah texts are indeed early mentions of the God of Israel. (Sekarang mari kita menarik beberapa kesimpulan tentang Tanah Shasu Yahweh. Karena tidak ada istilah geografis yang sesuatu seperti Yahweh telah diidentifikasi, hal ini menunjukkan bahwa frase sh3sw hiroglif ya t3-h-wa harus diterjemahkan sebagai "tanah suku nomaden yang menyembah TUHAN," daripada sebagai "tanah suku nomaden yang tinggal di daerah Yahweh. "Selain itu, fakta bahwa tidak adanya istilah geografis yang mengidentifikasikan Yahweh juga memperkuat kemungkinan bahwa kata-kata ya-h-wa dalam teks Soleb dan Amarah memang awal menyebutkan dari Allah Israel).
Para ahli tersebut berusaha untuk memunculkan istilah ‘Yahweh’ tersebut bukan merujuk kepada nama suatu tempat, tapi merupakan nama sesembahan dari suku nomaden tersebut.
Amnehotep III berkuasa tahun 1390 – 1352 BC, jauh sebelum masa pemerintahan Ramses II dan Meneptah, berkuasa tahun 1279 – 1203 BC, yang merupakan Fir’aun yang diindikasikan sebagai masa hidupnya nabi Musa dan peristiwa eksodus sesuai informasi alkitab.
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daftar_raja_Mesir_kuno
Penyebutan nama tersebut memunculkan beberapa pertanyaan terkait dengan beberapa hipotesa tentang nama Yahweh dalam Perjanjian Lama :
1. Berdasarkan alkitab, nama Yahweh belum diperkenalkan sebelum peristiwa eksodus, lalu darimana suku nomaden penyembah berhala yang hidup di Palestina mengenal nama tersebut..??
2. Kalau dipakai hipotesa yang lain yang menyatakan bahwa nama tersebut sudah diperkenalkan namun tidak populer (karena manusia yang hidup telah terpisah dari Tuhan) , lalu mengapa justru nama Yahweh lebih populer dikenal dari suatu suku nomaden penyembah berhala dan bukan didapatkan dari orang-orang Israel yang hidup ditengah-tengah bangsa Mesir sebagai budak..??
Fakta-fakta tersebut memunculkan suatu kemungkinan bahwa nama Yahweh sebenarnya berasal dari nama berhala yang disembah oleh suatu Shasu diwilayah Palestina, lalu orang-orang Israel yang diselamatkan Musa menyeberang ke wilayah tersebut mengadopsi nama itu menjadi nama Tuhan. Apakah ini mungkin terjadi..??
Kedegilan Bangsa Israel
Kita harus terlebih dahulu mengungkapkan bagaimana sebenarnya perilaku kaum Israel pengikut nabi Musa ini. Alkitab menceritakan bahwa karakter mereka yang suka membangkang dan tidak tahu berterima-kasih, termasuk kecenderungan untuk menciptakan Tuhan selain Apa yang disembah oleh nabi Musa. Baru saja mereka diselamatkan dari bangsa Mesir dan menyeberang lautan, mereka mulai bertingkah banyak menuntut kepada Musa, bahkan ketika Musa tidak bersama mereka 40 hari karena sedang berada diatas bukti Sinai, mereka membuat patung sapi dari emas lalu menyembahnya, sehingga Musa sampai marah dan membanting loh-loh batu berisi hukum-hukum Taurat yang didapatnya dari Tuhan. Kerepotan Musa terhadap kelakuan kaumnya ini tercatat pada Kejadian 15 s/d 20 dan Kejadian 32. Sampai akhirnya Tuhan dan Musa sendiri menyatakan ‘prediksi’ tentang masa depan bangsa ini :
Ini kata Tuhan pada Ulangan 31:16-18
TUHAN berfirman kepada Musa: "Ketahuilah, engkau akan mendapat perhentian bersama-sama dengan nenek moyangmu dan bangsa ini akan bangkit dan berzinah dengan mengikuti allah asing yang ada di negeri, ke mana mereka akan masuk; mereka akan meninggalkan Aku dan mengingkari perjanjian-Ku yang Kuikat dengan mereka. Pada waktu itu murka-Ku akan bernyala-nyala terhadap mereka, Aku akan meninggalkan mereka dan menyembunyikan wajah-Ku terhadap mereka, sehingga mereka termakan habis dan banyak kali ditimpa malapetaka serta kesusahan. Maka pada waktu itu mereka akan berkata: Bukankah malapetaka itu menimpa kita, oleh sebab Allah kita tidak ada di tengah-tengah kita? Tetapi Aku akan menyembunyikan wajah-Ku sama sekali pada waktu itu, karena segala kejahatan yang telah dilakukan mereka: yakni mereka telah berpaling kepada allah lain.
Semakin kita telusuri... semakin gak jelas aja alkitab.........
https://murtadinkafirun.forumotion.com/kristen-khatolik-f3/yah-yhwh-yahweh-yaeh-nama-tuhan-kristen-dan-yahudi-nama-dewa-bulan-zaman-mesir-kuno-t8762.htm#42427
:affraid: :affraid: :affraid:
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Re: YHWH adalah Tuhannya suku nomaden penyembah berhala
by hamba tuhan Tue 06 Sep 2011, 11:50 am
lihd wrote:hamba tuhan wrote:mencari petunjuk wrote:hamba tuhan wrote:Asal-mula nama YHWH dan temuan Arkeologi
Dari persepektif Islam, akan muncul pertanyaan :” Kalau Al-Qur’an menyatakan nama tersebut adalah ‘Allah’ sedangkan alkitab menjelaskan nama YHWH, lalu darimana asalnya nama YHWH tersebut..??”. Indikasi tentang asal-mula nama ini bisa kita dapatkan pada temuan arkeologi berupa prasasti yang dibuat dijaman Fir’aun Amenhotep III :
Prasasti Amenhotep III
Diperkirakan prasasti tersebut dibuat tahun 1400 BC pada pemerintahan Fir’aun Amenhotep III. Fir’aun ini termasuk salah seorang raja Mesir dari generasi ke-18, yaitu suatu generasi raja-raja Mesir yang berhasil melakukan perluasan wilayah kekuasaan menyebar sampai ke wilayah Syria dan Palestina sehingga terbuka kemungkinan untuk berinteraksi dengan suku-suku nomaden yang mendiami wilayah tersebut. Orang Mesir menjuluki suku-suku nomaden tersebut dengan ‘Shahu’. Al-Qur’an dan alkitab mengindikasikan bahwa Shahu ini merupakan kelompok-kelompok penyembah berhala [QS 7] dan Keluaran 23:23-24. Prasasti tersebut mengidentifikasi salah satu Shahu yang berada diwilayah Palestina dengan sebutan ‘the land of the Shasu of Yahweh’. Terdapat beberapa analisa dari para arkeolog soal nama ini :
Now let us draw some conclusions regarding the Land of the Shasu of Yahweh. Since no geographical term that is anything like Yahweh has been identified, this suggests that the hieroglyphic phrase t3 sh3sw ya-h-wa should be translated as “the land of the nomads who worship the God Yahweh” rather than as “the land of the nomads who live in the area of Yahweh.” In addition, the fact that no geographical term anything like Yahweh has been identified also strengthens the likelihood that the words ya-h-wa in the Soleb and Amarah texts are indeed early mentions of the God of Israel. (Sekarang mari kita menarik beberapa kesimpulan tentang Tanah Shasu Yahweh. Karena tidak ada istilah geografis yang sesuatu seperti Yahweh telah diidentifikasi, hal ini menunjukkan bahwa frase sh3sw hiroglif ya t3-h-wa harus diterjemahkan sebagai "tanah suku nomaden yang menyembah TUHAN," daripada sebagai "tanah suku nomaden yang tinggal di daerah Yahweh. "Selain itu, fakta bahwa tidak adanya istilah geografis yang mengidentifikasikan Yahweh juga memperkuat kemungkinan bahwa kata-kata ya-h-wa dalam teks Soleb dan Amarah memang awal menyebutkan dari Allah Israel).
Para ahli tersebut berusaha untuk memunculkan istilah ‘Yahweh’ tersebut bukan merujuk kepada nama suatu tempat, tapi merupakan nama sesembahan dari suku nomaden tersebut.
Amnehotep III berkuasa tahun 1390 – 1352 BC, jauh sebelum masa pemerintahan Ramses II dan Meneptah, berkuasa tahun 1279 – 1203 BC, yang merupakan Fir’aun yang diindikasikan sebagai masa hidupnya nabi Musa dan peristiwa eksodus sesuai informasi alkitab.
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daftar_raja_Mesir_kuno
Penyebutan nama tersebut memunculkan beberapa pertanyaan terkait dengan beberapa hipotesa tentang nama Yahweh dalam Perjanjian Lama :
1. Berdasarkan alkitab, nama Yahweh belum diperkenalkan sebelum peristiwa eksodus, lalu darimana suku nomaden penyembah berhala yang hidup di Palestina mengenal nama tersebut..??
2. Kalau dipakai hipotesa yang lain yang menyatakan bahwa nama tersebut sudah diperkenalkan namun tidak populer (karena manusia yang hidup telah terpisah dari Tuhan) , lalu mengapa justru nama Yahweh lebih populer dikenal dari suatu suku nomaden penyembah berhala dan bukan didapatkan dari orang-orang Israel yang hidup ditengah-tengah bangsa Mesir sebagai budak..??
Fakta-fakta tersebut memunculkan suatu kemungkinan bahwa nama Yahweh sebenarnya berasal dari nama berhala yang disembah oleh suatu Shasu diwilayah Palestina, lalu orang-orang Israel yang diselamatkan Musa menyeberang ke wilayah tersebut mengadopsi nama itu menjadi nama Tuhan. Apakah ini mungkin terjadi..??
Kedegilan Bangsa Israel
Kita harus terlebih dahulu mengungkapkan bagaimana sebenarnya perilaku kaum Israel pengikut nabi Musa ini. Alkitab menceritakan bahwa karakter mereka yang suka membangkang dan tidak tahu berterima-kasih, termasuk kecenderungan untuk menciptakan Tuhan selain Apa yang disembah oleh nabi Musa. Baru saja mereka diselamatkan dari bangsa Mesir dan menyeberang lautan, mereka mulai bertingkah banyak menuntut kepada Musa, bahkan ketika Musa tidak bersama mereka 40 hari karena sedang berada diatas bukti Sinai, mereka membuat patung sapi dari emas lalu menyembahnya, sehingga Musa sampai marah dan membanting loh-loh batu berisi hukum-hukum Taurat yang didapatnya dari Tuhan. Kerepotan Musa terhadap kelakuan kaumnya ini tercatat pada Kejadian 15 s/d 20 dan Kejadian 32. Sampai akhirnya Tuhan dan Musa sendiri menyatakan ‘prediksi’ tentang masa depan bangsa ini :
Ini kata Tuhan pada Ulangan 31:16-18
TUHAN berfirman kepada Musa: "Ketahuilah, engkau akan mendapat perhentian bersama-sama dengan nenek moyangmu dan bangsa ini akan bangkit dan berzinah dengan mengikuti allah asing yang ada di negeri, ke mana mereka akan masuk; mereka akan meninggalkan Aku dan mengingkari perjanjian-Ku yang Kuikat dengan mereka. Pada waktu itu murka-Ku akan bernyala-nyala terhadap mereka, Aku akan meninggalkan mereka dan menyembunyikan wajah-Ku terhadap mereka, sehingga mereka termakan habis dan banyak kali ditimpa malapetaka serta kesusahan. Maka pada waktu itu mereka akan berkata: Bukankah malapetaka itu menimpa kita, oleh sebab Allah kita tidak ada di tengah-tengah kita? Tetapi Aku akan menyembunyikan wajah-Ku sama sekali pada waktu itu, karena segala kejahatan yang telah dilakukan mereka: yakni mereka telah berpaling kepada allah lain.
Semakin kita telusuri... semakin gak jelas aja alkitab.........
https://murtadinkafirun.forumotion.com/kristen-khatolik-f3/yah-yhwh-yahweh-yaeh-nama-tuhan-kristen-dan-yahudi-nama-dewa-bulan-zaman-mesir-kuno-t8762.htm#42427
:affraid: :affraid: :affraid:
hamba tuhan- MUSLIM
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Re: YHWH adalah Tuhannya suku nomaden penyembah berhala
by kuku bima Tue 06 Sep 2011, 12:03 pm
hamba tuhan wrote:Asal-mula nama YHWH dan temuan Arkeologi
Dari persepektif Islam, akan muncul pertanyaan :” Kalau Al-Qur’an menyatakan nama tersebut adalah ‘Allah’ sedangkan alkitab menjelaskan nama YHWH, lalu darimana asalnya nama YHWH tersebut..??”. Indikasi tentang asal-mula nama ini bisa kita dapatkan pada temuan arkeologi berupa prasasti yang dibuat dijaman Fir’aun Amenhotep III :
Prasasti Amenhotep III
Diperkirakan prasasti tersebut dibuat tahun 1400 BC pada pemerintahan Fir’aun Amenhotep III. Fir’aun ini termasuk salah seorang raja Mesir dari generasi ke-18, yaitu suatu generasi raja-raja Mesir yang berhasil melakukan perluasan wilayah kekuasaan menyebar sampai ke wilayah Syria dan Palestina sehingga terbuka kemungkinan untuk berinteraksi dengan suku-suku nomaden yang mendiami wilayah tersebut. Orang Mesir menjuluki suku-suku nomaden tersebut dengan ‘Shahu’. Al-Qur’an dan alkitab mengindikasikan bahwa Shahu ini merupakan kelompok-kelompok penyembah berhala [QS 7] dan Keluaran 23:23-24. Prasasti tersebut mengidentifikasi salah satu Shahu yang berada diwilayah Palestina dengan sebutan ‘the land of the Shasu of Yahweh’. Terdapat beberapa analisa dari para arkeolog soal nama ini :
Now let us draw some conclusions regarding the Land of the Shasu of Yahweh. Since no geographical term that is anything like Yahweh has been identified, this suggests that the hieroglyphic phrase t3 sh3sw ya-h-wa should be translated as “the land of the nomads who worship the God Yahweh” rather than as “the land of the nomads who live in the area of Yahweh.” In addition, the fact that no geographical term anything like Yahweh has been identified also strengthens the likelihood that the words ya-h-wa in the Soleb and Amarah texts are indeed early mentions of the God of Israel. (Sekarang mari kita menarik beberapa kesimpulan tentang Tanah Shasu Yahweh. Karena tidak ada istilah geografis yang sesuatu seperti Yahweh telah diidentifikasi, hal ini menunjukkan bahwa frase sh3sw hiroglif ya t3-h-wa harus diterjemahkan sebagai "tanah suku nomaden yang menyembah TUHAN," daripada sebagai "tanah suku nomaden yang tinggal di daerah Yahweh. "Selain itu, fakta bahwa tidak adanya istilah geografis yang mengidentifikasikan Yahweh juga memperkuat kemungkinan bahwa kata-kata ya-h-wa dalam teks Soleb dan Amarah memang awal menyebutkan dari Allah Israel).
Para ahli tersebut berusaha untuk memunculkan istilah ‘Yahweh’ tersebut bukan merujuk kepada nama suatu tempat, tapi merupakan nama sesembahan dari suku nomaden tersebut.
Amnehotep III berkuasa tahun 1390 – 1352 BC, jauh sebelum masa pemerintahan Ramses II dan Meneptah, berkuasa tahun 1279 – 1203 BC, yang merupakan Fir’aun yang diindikasikan sebagai masa hidupnya nabi Musa dan peristiwa eksodus sesuai informasi alkitab.
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daftar_raja_Mesir_kuno
Penyebutan nama tersebut memunculkan beberapa pertanyaan terkait dengan beberapa hipotesa tentang nama Yahweh dalam Perjanjian Lama :
1. Berdasarkan alkitab, nama Yahweh belum diperkenalkan sebelum peristiwa eksodus, lalu darimana suku nomaden penyembah berhala yang hidup di Palestina mengenal nama tersebut..??
2. Kalau dipakai hipotesa yang lain yang menyatakan bahwa nama tersebut sudah diperkenalkan namun tidak populer (karena manusia yang hidup telah terpisah dari Tuhan) , lalu mengapa justru nama Yahweh lebih populer dikenal dari suatu suku nomaden penyembah berhala dan bukan didapatkan dari orang-orang Israel yang hidup ditengah-tengah bangsa Mesir sebagai budak..??
Fakta-fakta tersebut memunculkan suatu kemungkinan bahwa nama Yahweh sebenarnya berasal dari nama berhala yang disembah oleh suatu Shasu diwilayah Palestina, lalu orang-orang Israel yang diselamatkan Musa menyeberang ke wilayah tersebut mengadopsi nama itu menjadi nama Tuhan. Apakah ini mungkin terjadi..??
Kedegilan Bangsa Israel
Kita harus terlebih dahulu mengungkapkan bagaimana sebenarnya perilaku kaum Israel pengikut nabi Musa ini. Alkitab menceritakan bahwa karakter mereka yang suka membangkang dan tidak tahu berterima-kasih, termasuk kecenderungan untuk menciptakan Tuhan selain Apa yang disembah oleh nabi Musa. Baru saja mereka diselamatkan dari bangsa Mesir dan menyeberang lautan, mereka mulai bertingkah banyak menuntut kepada Musa, bahkan ketika Musa tidak bersama mereka 40 hari karena sedang berada diatas bukti Sinai, mereka membuat patung sapi dari emas lalu menyembahnya, sehingga Musa sampai marah dan membanting loh-loh batu berisi hukum-hukum Taurat yang didapatnya dari Tuhan. Kerepotan Musa terhadap kelakuan kaumnya ini tercatat pada Kejadian 15 s/d 20 dan Kejadian 32. Sampai akhirnya Tuhan dan Musa sendiri menyatakan ‘prediksi’ tentang masa depan bangsa ini :
Ini kata Tuhan pada Ulangan 31:16-18
TUHAN berfirman kepada Musa: "Ketahuilah, engkau akan mendapat perhentian bersama-sama dengan nenek moyangmu dan bangsa ini akan bangkit dan berzinah dengan mengikuti allah asing yang ada di negeri, ke mana mereka akan masuk; mereka akan meninggalkan Aku dan mengingkari perjanjian-Ku yang Kuikat dengan mereka. Pada waktu itu murka-Ku akan bernyala-nyala terhadap mereka, Aku akan meninggalkan mereka dan menyembunyikan wajah-Ku terhadap mereka, sehingga mereka termakan habis dan banyak kali ditimpa malapetaka serta kesusahan. Maka pada waktu itu mereka akan berkata: Bukankah malapetaka itu menimpa kita, oleh sebab Allah kita tidak ada di tengah-tengah kita? Tetapi Aku akan menyembunyikan wajah-Ku sama sekali pada waktu itu, karena segala kejahatan yang telah dilakukan mereka: yakni mereka telah berpaling kepada allah lain.
Semakin kita telusuri... semakin gak jelas aja alkitab.........AKU ADALAH AKU...BUKAN ALLAH SWT KARENA ALLAH SWT BERASAL DARI KATA ALLAH TA ALLA KATA YANG BERAKAR DARI HINDU....PAGAN..BERHALA ..AL-ILLAH..AL-MANAD-AL-UZZZA -AL-LAT...
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Re: YHWH adalah Tuhannya suku nomaden penyembah berhala
by hamba tuhan Tue 06 Sep 2011, 12:05 pm
kuku bima wrote:hamba tuhan wrote:Asal-mula nama YHWH dan temuan Arkeologi
Dari persepektif Islam, akan muncul pertanyaan :” Kalau Al-Qur’an menyatakan nama tersebut adalah ‘Allah’ sedangkan alkitab menjelaskan nama YHWH, lalu darimana asalnya nama YHWH tersebut..??”. Indikasi tentang asal-mula nama ini bisa kita dapatkan pada temuan arkeologi berupa prasasti yang dibuat dijaman Fir’aun Amenhotep III :
Prasasti Amenhotep III
Diperkirakan prasasti tersebut dibuat tahun 1400 BC pada pemerintahan Fir’aun Amenhotep III. Fir’aun ini termasuk salah seorang raja Mesir dari generasi ke-18, yaitu suatu generasi raja-raja Mesir yang berhasil melakukan perluasan wilayah kekuasaan menyebar sampai ke wilayah Syria dan Palestina sehingga terbuka kemungkinan untuk berinteraksi dengan suku-suku nomaden yang mendiami wilayah tersebut. Orang Mesir menjuluki suku-suku nomaden tersebut dengan ‘Shahu’. Al-Qur’an dan alkitab mengindikasikan bahwa Shahu ini merupakan kelompok-kelompok penyembah berhala [QS 7] dan Keluaran 23:23-24. Prasasti tersebut mengidentifikasi salah satu Shahu yang berada diwilayah Palestina dengan sebutan ‘the land of the Shasu of Yahweh’. Terdapat beberapa analisa dari para arkeolog soal nama ini :
Now let us draw some conclusions regarding the Land of the Shasu of Yahweh. Since no geographical term that is anything like Yahweh has been identified, this suggests that the hieroglyphic phrase t3 sh3sw ya-h-wa should be translated as “the land of the nomads who worship the God Yahweh” rather than as “the land of the nomads who live in the area of Yahweh.” In addition, the fact that no geographical term anything like Yahweh has been identified also strengthens the likelihood that the words ya-h-wa in the Soleb and Amarah texts are indeed early mentions of the God of Israel. (Sekarang mari kita menarik beberapa kesimpulan tentang Tanah Shasu Yahweh. Karena tidak ada istilah geografis yang sesuatu seperti Yahweh telah diidentifikasi, hal ini menunjukkan bahwa frase sh3sw hiroglif ya t3-h-wa harus diterjemahkan sebagai "tanah suku nomaden yang menyembah TUHAN," daripada sebagai "tanah suku nomaden yang tinggal di daerah Yahweh. "Selain itu, fakta bahwa tidak adanya istilah geografis yang mengidentifikasikan Yahweh juga memperkuat kemungkinan bahwa kata-kata ya-h-wa dalam teks Soleb dan Amarah memang awal menyebutkan dari Allah Israel).
Para ahli tersebut berusaha untuk memunculkan istilah ‘Yahweh’ tersebut bukan merujuk kepada nama suatu tempat, tapi merupakan nama sesembahan dari suku nomaden tersebut.
Amnehotep III berkuasa tahun 1390 – 1352 BC, jauh sebelum masa pemerintahan Ramses II dan Meneptah, berkuasa tahun 1279 – 1203 BC, yang merupakan Fir’aun yang diindikasikan sebagai masa hidupnya nabi Musa dan peristiwa eksodus sesuai informasi alkitab.
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daftar_raja_Mesir_kuno
Penyebutan nama tersebut memunculkan beberapa pertanyaan terkait dengan beberapa hipotesa tentang nama Yahweh dalam Perjanjian Lama :
1. Berdasarkan alkitab, nama Yahweh belum diperkenalkan sebelum peristiwa eksodus, lalu darimana suku nomaden penyembah berhala yang hidup di Palestina mengenal nama tersebut..??
2. Kalau dipakai hipotesa yang lain yang menyatakan bahwa nama tersebut sudah diperkenalkan namun tidak populer (karena manusia yang hidup telah terpisah dari Tuhan) , lalu mengapa justru nama Yahweh lebih populer dikenal dari suatu suku nomaden penyembah berhala dan bukan didapatkan dari orang-orang Israel yang hidup ditengah-tengah bangsa Mesir sebagai budak..??
Fakta-fakta tersebut memunculkan suatu kemungkinan bahwa nama Yahweh sebenarnya berasal dari nama berhala yang disembah oleh suatu Shasu diwilayah Palestina, lalu orang-orang Israel yang diselamatkan Musa menyeberang ke wilayah tersebut mengadopsi nama itu menjadi nama Tuhan. Apakah ini mungkin terjadi..??
Kedegilan Bangsa Israel
Kita harus terlebih dahulu mengungkapkan bagaimana sebenarnya perilaku kaum Israel pengikut nabi Musa ini. Alkitab menceritakan bahwa karakter mereka yang suka membangkang dan tidak tahu berterima-kasih, termasuk kecenderungan untuk menciptakan Tuhan selain Apa yang disembah oleh nabi Musa. Baru saja mereka diselamatkan dari bangsa Mesir dan menyeberang lautan, mereka mulai bertingkah banyak menuntut kepada Musa, bahkan ketika Musa tidak bersama mereka 40 hari karena sedang berada diatas bukti Sinai, mereka membuat patung sapi dari emas lalu menyembahnya, sehingga Musa sampai marah dan membanting loh-loh batu berisi hukum-hukum Taurat yang didapatnya dari Tuhan. Kerepotan Musa terhadap kelakuan kaumnya ini tercatat pada Kejadian 15 s/d 20 dan Kejadian 32. Sampai akhirnya Tuhan dan Musa sendiri menyatakan ‘prediksi’ tentang masa depan bangsa ini :
Ini kata Tuhan pada Ulangan 31:16-18
TUHAN berfirman kepada Musa: "Ketahuilah, engkau akan mendapat perhentian bersama-sama dengan nenek moyangmu dan bangsa ini akan bangkit dan berzinah dengan mengikuti allah asing yang ada di negeri, ke mana mereka akan masuk; mereka akan meninggalkan Aku dan mengingkari perjanjian-Ku yang Kuikat dengan mereka. Pada waktu itu murka-Ku akan bernyala-nyala terhadap mereka, Aku akan meninggalkan mereka dan menyembunyikan wajah-Ku terhadap mereka, sehingga mereka termakan habis dan banyak kali ditimpa malapetaka serta kesusahan. Maka pada waktu itu mereka akan berkata: Bukankah malapetaka itu menimpa kita, oleh sebab Allah kita tidak ada di tengah-tengah kita? Tetapi Aku akan menyembunyikan wajah-Ku sama sekali pada waktu itu, karena segala kejahatan yang telah dilakukan mereka: yakni mereka telah berpaling kepada allah lain.
Semakin kita telusuri... semakin gak jelas aja alkitab.........AKU ADALAH AKU...BUKAN ALLAH SWT KARENA ALLAH SWT BERASAL DARI KATA ALLAH TA ALLA KATA YANG BERAKAR DARI HINDU....PAGAN..BERHALA ..AL-ILLAH..AL-MANAD-AL-UZZZA -AL-LAT...
https://murtadinkafirun.forumotion.com/kristen-khatolik-f3/yah-yhwh-yahweh-yaeh-nama-tuhan-kristen-dan-yahudi-nama-dewa-bulan-zaman-mesir-kuno-t8762.htm#42427
gak bisa ngejelasin euy.....
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Re: YHWH adalah Tuhannya suku nomaden penyembah berhala
by hamba tuhan Sat 10 Sep 2011, 10:48 pm
This article was originally published in the Autumn 2009 issue of Artifax. Posted with permission.
INTRODUCTION
Among ancient Egyptian designations for types of foreign peoples in the New Kingdom Period, the term Shasu occurs fairly frequently. It is generally accepted that the term Shasu means nomads or Bedouin people, referring primarily to the nomadic or semi-nomadic peoples of Syria-Palestine. There are two significant hieroglyphic references in New Kingdom Period texts to an area called “the land of the Shasu of Yahweh.”1 Except for the Old Testament, these are the oldest references found in any ancient texts to the God Yahweh. The purpose of this paper is to study these two references and assess their possible importance in dating the Exodus story.
THE TERM SHASU
The term Shasu is found in a variety of New Kingdom hieroglyphic texts including the military, administrative, and diplomatic documents of Thutmosis III, Amenhotep II, Thutmosis IV, Amenhotep III, Akhenaton, Seti I, Ramses II, Merneptah, and Rameses III. One of the most intriguing of the Nineteenth Dynasty documents referring to the Shasu is a letter, dated 1192 B.C., which states in part:
Another communication to my Lord: We have finished letting the Shasu tribes of Edom pass the fortress of Merneptah Hotep-hir-Maat…which is in Tjeku, to the pools of Per Atum of Merneptah Hotep-hir-Maat, which are in Tkeku, to keep them alive and to keep their cattle alive…2
Note here that the Shasu tribes are linked with the Edomites, a tribal people with a well-known relationship to the Israelites. Note too that these Shasu tribes were settled, after they crossed the border into Egyptian territory, at Per Atum in Tjeku, or, to put it in Biblical terms, at Pithom in Succoth.3 In addition, it should be noted that these Shasu Edomites were animal herders and that they were also, of course, Semites.
According to Exodus 1:11, Pithom and the nearby city of Rameses were two “storage cities” built by the Israelites for Pharaoh during their bondage in Egypt. In addition, the German scholar Siegfried Herrmann, who translated the above text, has identified the area of Tjeku, where the Shasu Edomites were settled, with the general area of the Land of Goshen mentioned in Genesis 46:34.4 The treatment of the Shasu Edomites by the officials of Pharaoh is reminiscent of Pharaoh’s earlier treatment of the Israelites in Egypt during the time of Joseph.
There are a few references in Egyptian texts to Shasu nomads living in the area of Nubia south of Egypt, but the vast majority of references are to Shasu living north of Egypt, and it is these Shasu who are the focus of this paper.
For an excellent study of the use of the term Shasu in Egyptian texts see Kenneth R.Cooper’s two part series of articles titled The Shasu of Palestine in Egyptian Texts that appeared in ARTIFAX.5 As Cooper points out, most Egyptologists derive the name Shasu from an Egyptian verb meaning “to wander” and thus translate it as “nomads” or “Bedouin.”
However, the vast majority of scholars who have written on the Shasu stress that they were a people who were not totally nomadic. There were specific geographic areas associated in Egyptian topographical texts with the Shasu, thus indicating that at least some Shasu lived a somewhat settled existence in defined areas. “Semi-nomadic” is probably a more accurate translation.6
While the term Shasu is used primarily for semi-nomadic Semitic herders who lived north of Egypt, it also has a secondary usage in some New Kingdom texts for the geographic areas where the Shasu lived. When used geographically in Egyptian texts, the hieroglyphic word t3 is used, and this word should be translated as “land of.” In the case of these two references that we are discussing, the Egyptian phrase is t3 sh3sw ya-h-wa, i.e. “the land of the Shasu of Yahweh.”
The term Shasu is almost exclusively used in New Kingdom texts for semi-nomadic peoples living in parts of Lebanon, Syria, Sinai, Canaan, and Transjordan. When used for nomads living in these areas, the term Shasu seems to have been used by the Egyptians almost exclusively for people groups that can clearly be identified as Semitic herders.
It is clear from New Kingdom texts that the Shasu were rarely if ever under the control of the Egyptian government and were almost always looked upon as enemies of the Egyptians. For example, at the famous Battle of Kadesh in ca. 1275 BC, there were Shasu soldiers who were allies of the Hitites against Rameses II.
It is likely that the Egyptians of the New Kingdom Period classified all of the Edomites, Ammonites, Moabites, Amalekites, Midianites, Kenites, Hapiru, and Israelites as Shasu. This list should also probably include the Amorites and the Arameans. There is even a reference dating to ca. 1250 BC in Papyrus Anastasi I to a group of giant Shasu living in Canaan who could be identified with the giants encountered by the Israelites at the time of the Exodus.7
THE LAND OF THE SHASU OF YAHWEH
The two New Kingdom inscriptions which refer to “the Land of the Shasu of Yahweh” are found in topographical lists. One list is at Soleb and the second at Amarah-West.
Soleb, a temple dedicated to the god Amon-Re, was built by the Pharaoh Amenhotep III in ca. 1400 BC. Today it is located in the nation of Sudan, on the left bank of the Nile about 135 miles south of Wadi-Halfa.
Amarah-West, which is also located in Sudan, is a construction of Rameses II in the 13th century BC and has massive topographical lists inscribed in it. The section of the Amarah-West topographical list which contains the reference to “the land of the Shasu of Yahweh,” was almost certainly copied from the earlier list at Soleb.
It must be noted at this point that Egyptologists in general do not question the appearance of the name Yahweh in these two lists. For example, Donald Redford writes of the reference to Yahweh at Soleb:
For half a century it has been generally admitted that we have here the tetragrammaton, the name of the Israelite god “Yahweh”; and if this be the case, as it undoubtedly is, the passage constitutes the most precious indication of the whereabouts during the late 15th century BC of an enclave revering this god.
Redford identifies the Shasu of Yahweh with the Edomites and argues that Yahweh was at first worshipped as an Edomite god. He also argues that one tribe of Edomites split from the main body of Edomites, moved northwest, and became one of the tribes of the Israelites, taking their god Yahweh with them. For Redford, this explains how Yahweh became the God of the Israelites.9
There are several problems with Redford’s position, and these will be dealt with later. It suffices here to note that there are almost no scholars who question the appearance of the name Yahweh at Soleb and Amarah-West.
The best discussion of the place names in Egyptian topographical lists that are related to the location of “the land of the Shasu of Yahweh” is that of Michael Astour in his chapter in the Festshrift Elmar Edel published in 1979. Astour points out that the place names listed at Soleb and Amarah-West include both Egyptian possessions in Syria-Palestine as well as non-Egyptian controlled ethnic groups and regions in that area.
The topographical lists that are of most interest are the group of texts which read “t3 Sh3sw of X”, or “Land of the Shasu of X,” where X is normally a place. Astour observes that, contrary to what has been stated by some other scholars, Donald Redford being a good example, not all of the Shasu lands mentioned by Amenhotep III, and copied by Rameses II, were located in the general areas of Syria, Lebanon, Canaan, Sinai, and Trans-Jordan.10
Even though Egyptologists accept the appearance of the name Yahweh in the topographical lists at Soleb and Amarah-West, the implications of its appearance do not seem to have been fully appreciated by Old Testament scholars. Of course the question remains, who or what is being referred to by the word Yahweh? Is it a reference to the God of Israel? Or is it just a reference to a town or city like any of the other toponyms beginning with t3 sh3sw?
In other words, should the phrase t3 sh3sw ya-h-wa be translated as “the land of the nomads who worship the God Yahweh” or should it be translated as “the land of the nomads who live in the area of Yahweh.” The answer to this is not known with absolute certainty, but even if Yahweh is a place in these hieroglyphic texts, it was clearly place named after the god Yahweh of the Old Testament. Anything less seems too coincidental. But let us look at Astour’s proposed locations of the other t3 Sh3sw toponyms in these lists at Soleb and Amarah-West.
Astour correlates the Amarah list of Rameses II with the Soleb list of Amenhotep III. He also correlates both of these lists with a parallel, but partial, topographical list of Rameses III which is located in his great mortuary temple at Medinet Habu on the west bank of the Nile at Luxor.
First let us look at Astour correlation of the parallel portions of the Amarah and Soleb lists. Both of the lists begin with a place called t3 sh3sw pys-pys, which Astour identifies with a spring in the Biqa Valley, near the Litani River in modern Lebanon.11 It is clearly located north of Canaan.
The second place in the two lists is Sa-ma-ta, a place that Astour again is quite certain as to its precise location. He identifies Sa-ma-ta with Samat, a site on the Phoenician coast some seven miles south of Batrun. This site is located north of Canaan in an area that is generally considered to be Phoenician, again far away from Edom.12
The third place name and the one that is of the greatest interest to us is “the Land of the Shasu of Yahweh.” Astour makes no attempt to locate this people group, and for a good reason. There is no topographical site in the entire region today that bears the name Yahweh or anything remotely similar. There is also no biblical reference or ancient historical source that mentions a topographical site named Yahweh. We will return to this point later.
Astour observes that the name Yahweh also appears in a topographical list at Medinet Habu (12th century B.C.) with the variant spelling yi-ha.13 This constitutes a third reference in hieroglyphic texts to Yahweh. However, in the Medinet Habu list, the phrase “the Land of the Shasu” has been omitted.
Astour believes that yi-ha is just a variant of ya-h-wa as found on the Soleb and Amarah-West topographical lists. He also believes that it refers to the same people since it is followed n all three lists by some version of a place called “the Land of the Shasu of Tu-ra/Tu-ra-ba-ar.” However, the Medinet Habu list has mistakenly split the name Tu-ra from the last elements of this place’s full name. Tu-ra-ba-ar, and has made this one locality into two places. Nevertheless, the full name t3 shsw tu-ra-ba-ar appears after the place mentioning Yahweh on both the Soleb and Amarah lists.
Astour has identified Tu-ra-ba-ar with the name Turbul. It should be remembered that the Egyptian language has no L sound and routinely uses R for L sounds. Astour states that there are two possible locations for ancient Tu-ra-ba-ar, both with the modern name Turbul. One is located in the Biqa Valley in Lebanon and the other a little further north but also in Lebanon.14
It should be observed at this point that the Amarah-West list presents, at the head of the Shasu lands section, two additional Shasu locations not found in the earlier text from Soleb. The first, Sa-a-r-ar, is difficult to identify on linguistic grounds. Some scholars, including Redford, have identified it with Mt. Seir in Edom, but other identifications have also been suggested.15 However, if this toponym does refer to Mt. Se’ir and therefore to Edom, the Egyptians seemingly were differentiating between the Land of the Shasu of Yahweh and the Land of the Shasu of Edom.
Another item in the Amarah list of Shasu sites that does not occur at Soleb, is ra-ba-na. However, this term does occur at Medinet Habu, and Astour identifies it with the city state of Labana in Middle Syria.16 Again, this shows that Shasu peoples and their lands were spread throughout the region and were not limited to just the areas of Edom and the Sinai.
Now let us draw some conclusions regarding the Land of the Shasu of Yahweh. Since no geographical term that is anything like Yahweh has been identified, this suggests that the hieroglyphic phrase t3 sh3sw ya-h-wa should be translated as “the land of the nomads who worship the God Yahweh” rather than as “the land of the nomads who live in the area of Yahweh.” In addition, the fact that no geographical term anything like Yahweh has been identified also strengthens the likelihood that the words ya-h-wa in the Soleb and Amarah texts are indeed early mentions of the God of Israel.
As Astour points out, the reference to Yahweh at Soleb is 500 years earlier than the well-known Moabite Stone’s reference to Yahweh, and thus it is by far the earliest non-biblical occurrence of the name Yahweh. Even if Yahweh in these Egyptian texts is a place, it seems nearly certain that such an area, city, or town was named after the Hebrew God of Yahweh of the Old Testament. We thus still would have the earliest references to the God of Yahweh found outside of the Old Testament.
Scene 5 of Pharaoh Merneptah's Canaanite battle reliefs in the Karnak Temple. Merenptah binds Shasu prisoners to take back to Egypt, drawing above, picture below. The Shasu, a desert-dwelling people, are depicted as bearded, wearing short, often tasseled, kilts or ankle-length garments and turbans. The texts flanking the scene are largely rhetorical, praising the virtues of the king. They say, in part, “Strong Bull, sharp-horned and resolute, who treads down the Asiatics...he causes the chiefs of Khurru (= Palestine) to cease all boasting with their mouths”. Photo: Mike Luddeni
Pharaoh Merneptah's Canaanite battle reliefs in the Karnak Temple. Scene 8, Shasu captives, picture above, drawing below. Part of a larger scene which originally would have depicted Merenptah presenting captives to the god Amun. Text from a loose block which may belong to this scene reads in part, “Presentation of tribute by His Majesty to his father Amun, [when] he returned from the land of despicable Retenu (Syria), and the chiefs of the foreign lands”. Photo: Mike Luddeni
EGYPTIAN SYNCRETISM AND THE GOD YAHWEH
At this point it is worth taking a look at Egyptian references to foreign gods and goddesses to see how they were normally treated. Kenneth Ostrand published a study of foreign deities in ancient Egypt in 2006 in KMT magazine.17 Let us survey four of them.
The West Semitic goddess Astarte, who probably evolved out of Semitic Ishtar and/or Sumerian Inanna, was a goddess of love and fertility. She does not appear in Egyptian texts until the reign of Amenhotep II in the 15th century BC, when she is mentioned in that king’s famous sphinx stele as being pleased with the king’s vaunted horsemanship. It is important to note that in the New Kingdom Period Astarte was made a consort of Set and a daughter of Re. It is possible that her connection with Set had something to do with the warlike nature of both deities. In Egyptian art, Astarte is depicted standing on a horse, with a crown on her head, and holding various weapons. A temple to her was built at Tell el Daba, biblical Rameses, a city site associated both with the Israelites and the Hyksos. The city of Rameses was also the 19th Dynasty’s capital of Egypt.
Another West Semitic female warrior deity revered in Egypt was Anath, who appears as early as the late Middle Kingdom, perhaps as a part of the influx of Semites into Egypt that eventually produced the so-called Hyksos period. After a brief hiatus in Dynasty 18, Anath enjoyed a resurgence of popularity in Dynasty 19, being credited with military victories of Seti I and his son Rameses II. The center of her worship was the Delta. Because of the sexual nature of her worship, Anath was viewed as an associate of a number of sexually-oriented Egyptian deities, Min, Hathor, and Set. She was depicted either wearing a traditional Egyptian sheath dress or as wearing nothing at all. She also tended to be shown holding weapons, such as a spear or battle axe.
Reshef, a Canaanite god of war and thunder, seems to have been introduced into Egypt by the Hyksos. As king of the netherworld, Reshef was thought to bring plague and war upon humanity. The Egyptians depicted him in a distinctly Syrian style, with kilt, beard, and horned helmet, but he could also be shown wearing the White Crown of Upper Egypt and holding the Egyptian ankh and scepter, or sometimes holding Canaanite weapons. This, along with the Reshef’s insertion as a member of a trinity of deities with the god Min and the goddess Qadesh, shows the marked degree of syncretistic integration of foreign deities into the Egyptian pantheon.
Deities from even more obscure areas could also be worshipped in Egypt. An example cited by Ostrand is Ash, a Libyan god who entered Egypt in the Middle Kingdom. He was, naturally, a god of desert regions and oases and was eventually totally equated with the Egyptian god Set. The ancient Egyptians depicted Ash as a man with either a hawk or a snake head, or sometimes as a lion or vulture.
All of this illustrates that the Egyptians were perfectly willing to worship foreign gods, including building temples to them, giving them Egyptian attributes, emphasizing their similarities to their own gods and goddesses, and even sometimes to completely equating them with them with their own deities.
By studying the general syncretistic acceptance by the ancient Egyptians of the gods of other nations and by comparing their syncretistic acceptance of foreign gods with the treatment afforded Yahweh, one recognizes that Yahweh was for some reason treated very differently. Clearly the Egyptians knew about Yahweh as can be seen in the Soleb, Amarah-West, and Medinet Habu topographical lists, but they did not worship him, and they apparently did not want to worship him.
Nor was Yahweh equated to or identified with any Egyptian deity. There were no temples to Yahweh built by the Egyptians, nor were there any artistic representations made of him, or in fact even any discussions of him in Egyptian texts. There are no other mentions of him in any Egyptian texts besides the topographical references found at Soleb, Amarah-West, and Medinet Habu. It appears that the ancient Egyptians placed Yahweh into a category all by himself. To say the least, this is very strange for the syncretistic Egyptians. A possible explanation is that Yahweh was seen by the Egyptians as an enemy God, of an enemy tribal group which was a part of the hated Shasu peoples who lived north of Egypt.
WAS YAHWEH A PLACE NAME?
It seems significant that there is no modern or ancient place name that can be connected with the name Yahweh. One in fact wonders if the attempts by Astour and others to always supply a place name at the end of the phrase “Land of the Shasu of X” is not putting the cart before the horse.
Perhaps what we now accept as place names in these topographical lists were originally something else, perhaps the names of deities or of eponymous ancestor that came to be attached to a particular group of Shasu nomads/Bedouin. For example, was sa-ma-ta a leader or some other important figure for a group of Shasu, and was his name only later attached to a physical location? It should be noted that this was exactly what happened to the name Israel; first it was the name of an eponymous ancestor, but later it became the name of a place.
Perhaps originally none of the terms indicated by the phrase “the land of the Shasu of X” were place names, including the name Yahweh. This possibility again suggests that the hieroglyphic phrase t3 sh3sw ya-h-wa could and probably should be interpreted as “the Land of the Shasu who worship the God Yahweh” rather than being interpreted as “the land of the Shasu who live at a place called Yahweh.” By any means, topographical lists at both Soleb and Amarah-West unquestionably use the name Yahweh, and this Yahweh is almost unquestionably the God of the Israelites of the Old Testament.
WHO WERE THE SHASU OF YAHWEH?
Donald Redford, in his book Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times, assumes that the Shasu of Yahweh were very early worshippers of the God Yahweh. Redford also argues that these early worshippers of Yahweh were a tribe of Edomites who originally lived in the general area of Edom in the 15th century BC. Redford writes:
But lists from Soleb and Amarah, ultimately of fifteen century B.C. origin, suggest that an original concentration of Shasu lay in southern Transjordan in the plains of Moab and northern Edom.18
Redford here contradicts Astour who argued that the Shasu mentioned in the Soleb, Amarah-West, and Medinet Habu lists were scattered over Canaan, Lebanon, and part of Syria, and were not just located in the area of Edom. Redford not only assumes that the Land of the Shasu of Yahweh was located in the general area of Edom, but he also assumes that the earliest worshippers of Yahweh were Edomites. He then goes on to argue that the worship of Yahweh was introduced to proto-Israelites in the mountains of Canaan by a tribe of Edomites who migrated northwest and merged with these proto-Israelite tribed. Redford writes:
The only reasonable conclusion is that one major component in the later amalgam that constituted Israel, and the one with whom the worship of Yahweh originated, must be looked for among the Shasu of Edom already the end of the fifteenth century B.C.19
However, as was noted above, there are problems with Redford’s assumptions.
First, there is no evidence that the Shasu of Yahweh were Edomites. If they were Edomites, then it must be explained why the Edomites are strangely mentioned twice in the list at Amarah West since Redford translates the phrase t3 sh3sw sa-a-r-ar on this list as the "land of the Shasu of Se’ir".
As Redford himself notes, Se’ir is another name for Edom in the Old Testament. Redford writes of Amarah West: “Here a group of six names is identified as in “the land of the Shasu” and tehse include Se’ir (i.e. Edom).”20 If Redford is correct in his translation of this phrase, then, as was noted above, the Edomites are strangely mentioned twice in the six references to the “lands of the Shasu of X” found at Amarah West. Of course, Redford would probably respond to this criticism by answering that he believed that all six references to “the land of the Shasu of X” were references to Edomite groups who in the fifteenth century BC were located in the general area of Edom, an assumption that Astour strong rejected.
And second, there is a major problem with Redford’s Edomite theory because Sa-a-r-ar may not be Mt. Se’ir, i.e. Edom. Astour questions translating Sa-a-r-ar as Se'ir because of the way that it is spelled in the list at Amarah. Sa-a-r-ar is an unusual Egyptian spelling for Mt. Se’ir, if it indeed is Mt. Se’ir. Sa-a-r-ar cannot be explained away as just a misspelling since it is also spelled the same way in an even earlier topographical list of Pharaoh Thutmosis III.21 If Sa-a-r-ar was not Se’ir, then, as Astour suggests, it might not have even been located in the area of ancient Edom.
Based upon the evidence provided by Astour, Redford’s theory that the Shasu of Yahweh were Edomites has very little to support it. Who then were the Shasu of Yahweh?
THE SHASU OF YAHWEH AND THE DATE OF THE EXODUS
There are two indisputable facts that Old Testament scholars must face when dealing with these hieroglyphic references to the Shasu of Yahweh. First, there is no doubt that the name of the Israelite God Yahweh appears in these hieroglyphic texts at Soleb and Amarah-West, and also probably at Medinet Habu. And second, at Soleb the reference to Yahweh dates to ca. 1400 BC during the reign of Pharaoh Amenhotep III. In other words Pharaoh Amenhotep III, or at least his scribes, must have at least heard about the Hebrew God Yahweh in ca. 1400 BC. This fact is highly significant when trying to date the Exodus of the Israelites from Egypt under Moses.
In Exodus 5:2 Pharaoh answers the first request of Moses to allow the Israelites to go into the desert to worship Yahweh by saying “Who is Yahweh that I should obey His voice to let Israel go? I do know not Yahweh and besides I will not let the Israelites go.”22 Pharaoh appears here to be saying that he had never heard of the God Yahweh. This interpretation of Pharaoh’s statement is reinforced by Exodus 7:17 where God responds to Pharaoh: “Thus says Yahweh, ‘by this you will know that I am Yahweh, behold I will strike the water that is in the Nile with the staff that is in my hand, and it will become blood.”’ (NASV)
In his third meeting with Moses and Aaron after the second plague, Pharaoh clearly recognized Yahweh as some sort of deity and asked Moses and Aaron to pray to Yahweh to remove the plague of frogs (see Exodus 8:
. If the Pharaoh of the Exodus had never before heard of the God Yahweh, this strongly suggests that the Exodus should be dated no later than ca. 1400 BC because Pharaoh Amenhotep III had clearly heard about Yahweh in ca. 1400 BC.
CONCLUSION
It is clear that there once was a group of Shasu Bedouin/nomads living in Syria-Palestine who were associated with either a deity or a place named Yahweh. It is also clear that the name Yahweh was known to the Egyptians in the 18th Dynasty during the reign of Pharaoh Amenhotep III.
But it must be admitted at this point that we also know from the Old Testament that there were other worshippers of Yahweh in Canaan who did not go into Egypt and therefore did not leave Egypt at the time of the Exodus. The question thus arises, were they perhaps the Shasu of Yahweh mentioned at Soleb and Amarah?
Although we do not have all the information that we wish we did, it is significant that there are no mentions of the Shasu of Yahweh in Egyptian texts earlier than the reign of Amenhotep III. If the group in question were Yahweh followers who never went to Egypt, why are they absent in topographical lists from the early period of the 18th Dynasty, for example, from the extensive topographical lists of Thutmosis III? The reason may very well be because the Shasu of Yahweh were indeed the Israelites and that they were still living in Egypt in the early 18th Dynasty.
The fact that the Shasu of Yahweh first appear in topographical lists under Amenhotep III in ca. 1400 BC fits perfectly with the Early Date of the Exodus, but this fact presents major problems for those scholars who believe that the Exodus took place during the reign of Pharaoh Rameses II in the 13th century BC. In any case, these references to Yahweh have been ignored for far too long by both conservative and liberal biblical scholars.
It thus appears very likely that the Shasu of Yahweh, who are mentioned in the topographical texts at Soleb and Amarah-West, were the Israelites who by about 1400 BC had settled into their own land (t3) in the mountains of Canaan. It also appears that for the ancient Egyptians the one feature that distinguished the Israelites from all the other Shasu (Semitic herders) in this area was their worship of the God of Yahweh.
Footnotes
1. Michael C. Astour, Yahweh in Egyptian Topographic Lists in Festschrift Elmar Edel in Agypten und Altes Testament, edited by Manfred Gorg (Bamberg, Germany, 1979. pp. 17-19. Astour points out in this article that there is a third likely use of the name Yahweh in the Medinet Habu topographical lists of Ramses III in the early 12th century BC, pp. 19-20. However, as will be seen below in this article, At Medinet Habu the name Yahweh appears in the form “yi-ha.” However, at Medinet Habu “yi-ha” is used without the phrase “land of the Shasu.”
2. Siegfried Herrmann, Israel in Egypt (Naperville, IL: Alec R. Allenson Inc., 1973). p. 25.
3. For the identification of the Egyptian name Tjekku with the Hebrew name Succoth, see Donald B. Redford, Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993), p. 203.
4. Herrmann, Israel in Egypt, pp. 26-27. See also Herrmann’s article Der Altestamentliche Gottesname in Evangelischen Theologie 26 (1966). pp. 289-291.
5. Kenneth R. Cooper, The Shasu of Palestine in Egyptian Texts, Part One, Artifax, Autumn, 2006, Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 22-27; and Part Two, Artifax, Winter, 2007, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 24-29.
6. Cooper, Shasu, Part One, pp. 24-25.
7. W.W. Hallo, ed. The Context of Scripture (Leiden: Brill, 2003), Vol. 3, p. 9. See also Clyde E. Billington, Goliath and the Exodus Giants: How Tall Were They? in the Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society, 48 (2005), pp. 505-506.
8. Redford, Egypt, Canaan, and Israel, p. 272.
9. Redford, Egypt, Canaan, and Israel, pp. 272-273.
10. Astour, Yahweh, pp. 20-29.
11. Astour, Yahweh, p. 29.
12. Astour, Yahweh, p. 28.
13. Astour, Yahweh, p. 26.
14. Astour, Yahweh, pp. 26-27.
15. Astour, Yahweh, p. 21.
16. Astour, Yahweh, p. 23.
17. Kenneth Ostrand, Aliens in Egypt, KMT. 17.2, Summer 2006, pp. 71-76.
18. Redford, Egypt, Canaan, and Israel, p. 272.
19. Redford, Egypt, Canaan, and Israel, p. 273.
20. Redford, Egypt, Canaan, and Israel, p. 272.
21. Astour, Yahweh, p. 21.
22. This question is taken from the New American Standard translation, but we have substituted Yahweh from the Hebrew for the word LORD.
http://www.biblearchaeology.org/post/2010/03/08/The-Name-Yahweh-in-Egyptian-Hieroglyphic-Texts.aspx
INTRODUCTION
Among ancient Egyptian designations for types of foreign peoples in the New Kingdom Period, the term Shasu occurs fairly frequently. It is generally accepted that the term Shasu means nomads or Bedouin people, referring primarily to the nomadic or semi-nomadic peoples of Syria-Palestine. There are two significant hieroglyphic references in New Kingdom Period texts to an area called “the land of the Shasu of Yahweh.”1 Except for the Old Testament, these are the oldest references found in any ancient texts to the God Yahweh. The purpose of this paper is to study these two references and assess their possible importance in dating the Exodus story.
THE TERM SHASU
The term Shasu is found in a variety of New Kingdom hieroglyphic texts including the military, administrative, and diplomatic documents of Thutmosis III, Amenhotep II, Thutmosis IV, Amenhotep III, Akhenaton, Seti I, Ramses II, Merneptah, and Rameses III. One of the most intriguing of the Nineteenth Dynasty documents referring to the Shasu is a letter, dated 1192 B.C., which states in part:
Another communication to my Lord: We have finished letting the Shasu tribes of Edom pass the fortress of Merneptah Hotep-hir-Maat…which is in Tjeku, to the pools of Per Atum of Merneptah Hotep-hir-Maat, which are in Tkeku, to keep them alive and to keep their cattle alive…2
Note here that the Shasu tribes are linked with the Edomites, a tribal people with a well-known relationship to the Israelites. Note too that these Shasu tribes were settled, after they crossed the border into Egyptian territory, at Per Atum in Tjeku, or, to put it in Biblical terms, at Pithom in Succoth.3 In addition, it should be noted that these Shasu Edomites were animal herders and that they were also, of course, Semites.
According to Exodus 1:11, Pithom and the nearby city of Rameses were two “storage cities” built by the Israelites for Pharaoh during their bondage in Egypt. In addition, the German scholar Siegfried Herrmann, who translated the above text, has identified the area of Tjeku, where the Shasu Edomites were settled, with the general area of the Land of Goshen mentioned in Genesis 46:34.4 The treatment of the Shasu Edomites by the officials of Pharaoh is reminiscent of Pharaoh’s earlier treatment of the Israelites in Egypt during the time of Joseph.
There are a few references in Egyptian texts to Shasu nomads living in the area of Nubia south of Egypt, but the vast majority of references are to Shasu living north of Egypt, and it is these Shasu who are the focus of this paper.
For an excellent study of the use of the term Shasu in Egyptian texts see Kenneth R.Cooper’s two part series of articles titled The Shasu of Palestine in Egyptian Texts that appeared in ARTIFAX.5 As Cooper points out, most Egyptologists derive the name Shasu from an Egyptian verb meaning “to wander” and thus translate it as “nomads” or “Bedouin.”
However, the vast majority of scholars who have written on the Shasu stress that they were a people who were not totally nomadic. There were specific geographic areas associated in Egyptian topographical texts with the Shasu, thus indicating that at least some Shasu lived a somewhat settled existence in defined areas. “Semi-nomadic” is probably a more accurate translation.6
While the term Shasu is used primarily for semi-nomadic Semitic herders who lived north of Egypt, it also has a secondary usage in some New Kingdom texts for the geographic areas where the Shasu lived. When used geographically in Egyptian texts, the hieroglyphic word t3 is used, and this word should be translated as “land of.” In the case of these two references that we are discussing, the Egyptian phrase is t3 sh3sw ya-h-wa, i.e. “the land of the Shasu of Yahweh.”
The term Shasu is almost exclusively used in New Kingdom texts for semi-nomadic peoples living in parts of Lebanon, Syria, Sinai, Canaan, and Transjordan. When used for nomads living in these areas, the term Shasu seems to have been used by the Egyptians almost exclusively for people groups that can clearly be identified as Semitic herders.
It is clear from New Kingdom texts that the Shasu were rarely if ever under the control of the Egyptian government and were almost always looked upon as enemies of the Egyptians. For example, at the famous Battle of Kadesh in ca. 1275 BC, there were Shasu soldiers who were allies of the Hitites against Rameses II.
It is likely that the Egyptians of the New Kingdom Period classified all of the Edomites, Ammonites, Moabites, Amalekites, Midianites, Kenites, Hapiru, and Israelites as Shasu. This list should also probably include the Amorites and the Arameans. There is even a reference dating to ca. 1250 BC in Papyrus Anastasi I to a group of giant Shasu living in Canaan who could be identified with the giants encountered by the Israelites at the time of the Exodus.7
THE LAND OF THE SHASU OF YAHWEH
The two New Kingdom inscriptions which refer to “the Land of the Shasu of Yahweh” are found in topographical lists. One list is at Soleb and the second at Amarah-West.
Soleb, a temple dedicated to the god Amon-Re, was built by the Pharaoh Amenhotep III in ca. 1400 BC. Today it is located in the nation of Sudan, on the left bank of the Nile about 135 miles south of Wadi-Halfa.
Amarah-West, which is also located in Sudan, is a construction of Rameses II in the 13th century BC and has massive topographical lists inscribed in it. The section of the Amarah-West topographical list which contains the reference to “the land of the Shasu of Yahweh,” was almost certainly copied from the earlier list at Soleb.
It must be noted at this point that Egyptologists in general do not question the appearance of the name Yahweh in these two lists. For example, Donald Redford writes of the reference to Yahweh at Soleb:
For half a century it has been generally admitted that we have here the tetragrammaton, the name of the Israelite god “Yahweh”; and if this be the case, as it undoubtedly is, the passage constitutes the most precious indication of the whereabouts during the late 15th century BC of an enclave revering this god.
Redford identifies the Shasu of Yahweh with the Edomites and argues that Yahweh was at first worshipped as an Edomite god. He also argues that one tribe of Edomites split from the main body of Edomites, moved northwest, and became one of the tribes of the Israelites, taking their god Yahweh with them. For Redford, this explains how Yahweh became the God of the Israelites.9
There are several problems with Redford’s position, and these will be dealt with later. It suffices here to note that there are almost no scholars who question the appearance of the name Yahweh at Soleb and Amarah-West.
The best discussion of the place names in Egyptian topographical lists that are related to the location of “the land of the Shasu of Yahweh” is that of Michael Astour in his chapter in the Festshrift Elmar Edel published in 1979. Astour points out that the place names listed at Soleb and Amarah-West include both Egyptian possessions in Syria-Palestine as well as non-Egyptian controlled ethnic groups and regions in that area.
The topographical lists that are of most interest are the group of texts which read “t3 Sh3sw of X”, or “Land of the Shasu of X,” where X is normally a place. Astour observes that, contrary to what has been stated by some other scholars, Donald Redford being a good example, not all of the Shasu lands mentioned by Amenhotep III, and copied by Rameses II, were located in the general areas of Syria, Lebanon, Canaan, Sinai, and Trans-Jordan.10
Even though Egyptologists accept the appearance of the name Yahweh in the topographical lists at Soleb and Amarah-West, the implications of its appearance do not seem to have been fully appreciated by Old Testament scholars. Of course the question remains, who or what is being referred to by the word Yahweh? Is it a reference to the God of Israel? Or is it just a reference to a town or city like any of the other toponyms beginning with t3 sh3sw?
In other words, should the phrase t3 sh3sw ya-h-wa be translated as “the land of the nomads who worship the God Yahweh” or should it be translated as “the land of the nomads who live in the area of Yahweh.” The answer to this is not known with absolute certainty, but even if Yahweh is a place in these hieroglyphic texts, it was clearly place named after the god Yahweh of the Old Testament. Anything less seems too coincidental. But let us look at Astour’s proposed locations of the other t3 Sh3sw toponyms in these lists at Soleb and Amarah-West.
Astour correlates the Amarah list of Rameses II with the Soleb list of Amenhotep III. He also correlates both of these lists with a parallel, but partial, topographical list of Rameses III which is located in his great mortuary temple at Medinet Habu on the west bank of the Nile at Luxor.
First let us look at Astour correlation of the parallel portions of the Amarah and Soleb lists. Both of the lists begin with a place called t3 sh3sw pys-pys, which Astour identifies with a spring in the Biqa Valley, near the Litani River in modern Lebanon.11 It is clearly located north of Canaan.
The second place in the two lists is Sa-ma-ta, a place that Astour again is quite certain as to its precise location. He identifies Sa-ma-ta with Samat, a site on the Phoenician coast some seven miles south of Batrun. This site is located north of Canaan in an area that is generally considered to be Phoenician, again far away from Edom.12
The third place name and the one that is of the greatest interest to us is “the Land of the Shasu of Yahweh.” Astour makes no attempt to locate this people group, and for a good reason. There is no topographical site in the entire region today that bears the name Yahweh or anything remotely similar. There is also no biblical reference or ancient historical source that mentions a topographical site named Yahweh. We will return to this point later.
Astour observes that the name Yahweh also appears in a topographical list at Medinet Habu (12th century B.C.) with the variant spelling yi-ha.13 This constitutes a third reference in hieroglyphic texts to Yahweh. However, in the Medinet Habu list, the phrase “the Land of the Shasu” has been omitted.
Astour believes that yi-ha is just a variant of ya-h-wa as found on the Soleb and Amarah-West topographical lists. He also believes that it refers to the same people since it is followed n all three lists by some version of a place called “the Land of the Shasu of Tu-ra/Tu-ra-ba-ar.” However, the Medinet Habu list has mistakenly split the name Tu-ra from the last elements of this place’s full name. Tu-ra-ba-ar, and has made this one locality into two places. Nevertheless, the full name t3 shsw tu-ra-ba-ar appears after the place mentioning Yahweh on both the Soleb and Amarah lists.
Astour has identified Tu-ra-ba-ar with the name Turbul. It should be remembered that the Egyptian language has no L sound and routinely uses R for L sounds. Astour states that there are two possible locations for ancient Tu-ra-ba-ar, both with the modern name Turbul. One is located in the Biqa Valley in Lebanon and the other a little further north but also in Lebanon.14
It should be observed at this point that the Amarah-West list presents, at the head of the Shasu lands section, two additional Shasu locations not found in the earlier text from Soleb. The first, Sa-a-r-ar, is difficult to identify on linguistic grounds. Some scholars, including Redford, have identified it with Mt. Seir in Edom, but other identifications have also been suggested.15 However, if this toponym does refer to Mt. Se’ir and therefore to Edom, the Egyptians seemingly were differentiating between the Land of the Shasu of Yahweh and the Land of the Shasu of Edom.
Another item in the Amarah list of Shasu sites that does not occur at Soleb, is ra-ba-na. However, this term does occur at Medinet Habu, and Astour identifies it with the city state of Labana in Middle Syria.16 Again, this shows that Shasu peoples and their lands were spread throughout the region and were not limited to just the areas of Edom and the Sinai.
Now let us draw some conclusions regarding the Land of the Shasu of Yahweh. Since no geographical term that is anything like Yahweh has been identified, this suggests that the hieroglyphic phrase t3 sh3sw ya-h-wa should be translated as “the land of the nomads who worship the God Yahweh” rather than as “the land of the nomads who live in the area of Yahweh.” In addition, the fact that no geographical term anything like Yahweh has been identified also strengthens the likelihood that the words ya-h-wa in the Soleb and Amarah texts are indeed early mentions of the God of Israel.
As Astour points out, the reference to Yahweh at Soleb is 500 years earlier than the well-known Moabite Stone’s reference to Yahweh, and thus it is by far the earliest non-biblical occurrence of the name Yahweh. Even if Yahweh in these Egyptian texts is a place, it seems nearly certain that such an area, city, or town was named after the Hebrew God of Yahweh of the Old Testament. We thus still would have the earliest references to the God of Yahweh found outside of the Old Testament.
Scene 5 of Pharaoh Merneptah's Canaanite battle reliefs in the Karnak Temple. Merenptah binds Shasu prisoners to take back to Egypt, drawing above, picture below. The Shasu, a desert-dwelling people, are depicted as bearded, wearing short, often tasseled, kilts or ankle-length garments and turbans. The texts flanking the scene are largely rhetorical, praising the virtues of the king. They say, in part, “Strong Bull, sharp-horned and resolute, who treads down the Asiatics...he causes the chiefs of Khurru (= Palestine) to cease all boasting with their mouths”. Photo: Mike Luddeni
Pharaoh Merneptah's Canaanite battle reliefs in the Karnak Temple. Scene 8, Shasu captives, picture above, drawing below. Part of a larger scene which originally would have depicted Merenptah presenting captives to the god Amun. Text from a loose block which may belong to this scene reads in part, “Presentation of tribute by His Majesty to his father Amun, [when] he returned from the land of despicable Retenu (Syria), and the chiefs of the foreign lands”. Photo: Mike Luddeni
EGYPTIAN SYNCRETISM AND THE GOD YAHWEH
At this point it is worth taking a look at Egyptian references to foreign gods and goddesses to see how they were normally treated. Kenneth Ostrand published a study of foreign deities in ancient Egypt in 2006 in KMT magazine.17 Let us survey four of them.
The West Semitic goddess Astarte, who probably evolved out of Semitic Ishtar and/or Sumerian Inanna, was a goddess of love and fertility. She does not appear in Egyptian texts until the reign of Amenhotep II in the 15th century BC, when she is mentioned in that king’s famous sphinx stele as being pleased with the king’s vaunted horsemanship. It is important to note that in the New Kingdom Period Astarte was made a consort of Set and a daughter of Re. It is possible that her connection with Set had something to do with the warlike nature of both deities. In Egyptian art, Astarte is depicted standing on a horse, with a crown on her head, and holding various weapons. A temple to her was built at Tell el Daba, biblical Rameses, a city site associated both with the Israelites and the Hyksos. The city of Rameses was also the 19th Dynasty’s capital of Egypt.
Another West Semitic female warrior deity revered in Egypt was Anath, who appears as early as the late Middle Kingdom, perhaps as a part of the influx of Semites into Egypt that eventually produced the so-called Hyksos period. After a brief hiatus in Dynasty 18, Anath enjoyed a resurgence of popularity in Dynasty 19, being credited with military victories of Seti I and his son Rameses II. The center of her worship was the Delta. Because of the sexual nature of her worship, Anath was viewed as an associate of a number of sexually-oriented Egyptian deities, Min, Hathor, and Set. She was depicted either wearing a traditional Egyptian sheath dress or as wearing nothing at all. She also tended to be shown holding weapons, such as a spear or battle axe.
Reshef, a Canaanite god of war and thunder, seems to have been introduced into Egypt by the Hyksos. As king of the netherworld, Reshef was thought to bring plague and war upon humanity. The Egyptians depicted him in a distinctly Syrian style, with kilt, beard, and horned helmet, but he could also be shown wearing the White Crown of Upper Egypt and holding the Egyptian ankh and scepter, or sometimes holding Canaanite weapons. This, along with the Reshef’s insertion as a member of a trinity of deities with the god Min and the goddess Qadesh, shows the marked degree of syncretistic integration of foreign deities into the Egyptian pantheon.
Deities from even more obscure areas could also be worshipped in Egypt. An example cited by Ostrand is Ash, a Libyan god who entered Egypt in the Middle Kingdom. He was, naturally, a god of desert regions and oases and was eventually totally equated with the Egyptian god Set. The ancient Egyptians depicted Ash as a man with either a hawk or a snake head, or sometimes as a lion or vulture.
All of this illustrates that the Egyptians were perfectly willing to worship foreign gods, including building temples to them, giving them Egyptian attributes, emphasizing their similarities to their own gods and goddesses, and even sometimes to completely equating them with them with their own deities.
By studying the general syncretistic acceptance by the ancient Egyptians of the gods of other nations and by comparing their syncretistic acceptance of foreign gods with the treatment afforded Yahweh, one recognizes that Yahweh was for some reason treated very differently. Clearly the Egyptians knew about Yahweh as can be seen in the Soleb, Amarah-West, and Medinet Habu topographical lists, but they did not worship him, and they apparently did not want to worship him.
Nor was Yahweh equated to or identified with any Egyptian deity. There were no temples to Yahweh built by the Egyptians, nor were there any artistic representations made of him, or in fact even any discussions of him in Egyptian texts. There are no other mentions of him in any Egyptian texts besides the topographical references found at Soleb, Amarah-West, and Medinet Habu. It appears that the ancient Egyptians placed Yahweh into a category all by himself. To say the least, this is very strange for the syncretistic Egyptians. A possible explanation is that Yahweh was seen by the Egyptians as an enemy God, of an enemy tribal group which was a part of the hated Shasu peoples who lived north of Egypt.
WAS YAHWEH A PLACE NAME?
It seems significant that there is no modern or ancient place name that can be connected with the name Yahweh. One in fact wonders if the attempts by Astour and others to always supply a place name at the end of the phrase “Land of the Shasu of X” is not putting the cart before the horse.
Perhaps what we now accept as place names in these topographical lists were originally something else, perhaps the names of deities or of eponymous ancestor that came to be attached to a particular group of Shasu nomads/Bedouin. For example, was sa-ma-ta a leader or some other important figure for a group of Shasu, and was his name only later attached to a physical location? It should be noted that this was exactly what happened to the name Israel; first it was the name of an eponymous ancestor, but later it became the name of a place.
Perhaps originally none of the terms indicated by the phrase “the land of the Shasu of X” were place names, including the name Yahweh. This possibility again suggests that the hieroglyphic phrase t3 sh3sw ya-h-wa could and probably should be interpreted as “the Land of the Shasu who worship the God Yahweh” rather than being interpreted as “the land of the Shasu who live at a place called Yahweh.” By any means, topographical lists at both Soleb and Amarah-West unquestionably use the name Yahweh, and this Yahweh is almost unquestionably the God of the Israelites of the Old Testament.
WHO WERE THE SHASU OF YAHWEH?
Donald Redford, in his book Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times, assumes that the Shasu of Yahweh were very early worshippers of the God Yahweh. Redford also argues that these early worshippers of Yahweh were a tribe of Edomites who originally lived in the general area of Edom in the 15th century BC. Redford writes:
But lists from Soleb and Amarah, ultimately of fifteen century B.C. origin, suggest that an original concentration of Shasu lay in southern Transjordan in the plains of Moab and northern Edom.18
Redford here contradicts Astour who argued that the Shasu mentioned in the Soleb, Amarah-West, and Medinet Habu lists were scattered over Canaan, Lebanon, and part of Syria, and were not just located in the area of Edom. Redford not only assumes that the Land of the Shasu of Yahweh was located in the general area of Edom, but he also assumes that the earliest worshippers of Yahweh were Edomites. He then goes on to argue that the worship of Yahweh was introduced to proto-Israelites in the mountains of Canaan by a tribe of Edomites who migrated northwest and merged with these proto-Israelite tribed. Redford writes:
The only reasonable conclusion is that one major component in the later amalgam that constituted Israel, and the one with whom the worship of Yahweh originated, must be looked for among the Shasu of Edom already the end of the fifteenth century B.C.19
However, as was noted above, there are problems with Redford’s assumptions.
First, there is no evidence that the Shasu of Yahweh were Edomites. If they were Edomites, then it must be explained why the Edomites are strangely mentioned twice in the list at Amarah West since Redford translates the phrase t3 sh3sw sa-a-r-ar on this list as the "land of the Shasu of Se’ir".
As Redford himself notes, Se’ir is another name for Edom in the Old Testament. Redford writes of Amarah West: “Here a group of six names is identified as in “the land of the Shasu” and tehse include Se’ir (i.e. Edom).”20 If Redford is correct in his translation of this phrase, then, as was noted above, the Edomites are strangely mentioned twice in the six references to the “lands of the Shasu of X” found at Amarah West. Of course, Redford would probably respond to this criticism by answering that he believed that all six references to “the land of the Shasu of X” were references to Edomite groups who in the fifteenth century BC were located in the general area of Edom, an assumption that Astour strong rejected.
And second, there is a major problem with Redford’s Edomite theory because Sa-a-r-ar may not be Mt. Se’ir, i.e. Edom. Astour questions translating Sa-a-r-ar as Se'ir because of the way that it is spelled in the list at Amarah. Sa-a-r-ar is an unusual Egyptian spelling for Mt. Se’ir, if it indeed is Mt. Se’ir. Sa-a-r-ar cannot be explained away as just a misspelling since it is also spelled the same way in an even earlier topographical list of Pharaoh Thutmosis III.21 If Sa-a-r-ar was not Se’ir, then, as Astour suggests, it might not have even been located in the area of ancient Edom.
Based upon the evidence provided by Astour, Redford’s theory that the Shasu of Yahweh were Edomites has very little to support it. Who then were the Shasu of Yahweh?
THE SHASU OF YAHWEH AND THE DATE OF THE EXODUS
There are two indisputable facts that Old Testament scholars must face when dealing with these hieroglyphic references to the Shasu of Yahweh. First, there is no doubt that the name of the Israelite God Yahweh appears in these hieroglyphic texts at Soleb and Amarah-West, and also probably at Medinet Habu. And second, at Soleb the reference to Yahweh dates to ca. 1400 BC during the reign of Pharaoh Amenhotep III. In other words Pharaoh Amenhotep III, or at least his scribes, must have at least heard about the Hebrew God Yahweh in ca. 1400 BC. This fact is highly significant when trying to date the Exodus of the Israelites from Egypt under Moses.
In Exodus 5:2 Pharaoh answers the first request of Moses to allow the Israelites to go into the desert to worship Yahweh by saying “Who is Yahweh that I should obey His voice to let Israel go? I do know not Yahweh and besides I will not let the Israelites go.”22 Pharaoh appears here to be saying that he had never heard of the God Yahweh. This interpretation of Pharaoh’s statement is reinforced by Exodus 7:17 where God responds to Pharaoh: “Thus says Yahweh, ‘by this you will know that I am Yahweh, behold I will strike the water that is in the Nile with the staff that is in my hand, and it will become blood.”’ (NASV)
In his third meeting with Moses and Aaron after the second plague, Pharaoh clearly recognized Yahweh as some sort of deity and asked Moses and Aaron to pray to Yahweh to remove the plague of frogs (see Exodus 8:
. If the Pharaoh of the Exodus had never before heard of the God Yahweh, this strongly suggests that the Exodus should be dated no later than ca. 1400 BC because Pharaoh Amenhotep III had clearly heard about Yahweh in ca. 1400 BC.CONCLUSION
It is clear that there once was a group of Shasu Bedouin/nomads living in Syria-Palestine who were associated with either a deity or a place named Yahweh. It is also clear that the name Yahweh was known to the Egyptians in the 18th Dynasty during the reign of Pharaoh Amenhotep III.
But it must be admitted at this point that we also know from the Old Testament that there were other worshippers of Yahweh in Canaan who did not go into Egypt and therefore did not leave Egypt at the time of the Exodus. The question thus arises, were they perhaps the Shasu of Yahweh mentioned at Soleb and Amarah?
Although we do not have all the information that we wish we did, it is significant that there are no mentions of the Shasu of Yahweh in Egyptian texts earlier than the reign of Amenhotep III. If the group in question were Yahweh followers who never went to Egypt, why are they absent in topographical lists from the early period of the 18th Dynasty, for example, from the extensive topographical lists of Thutmosis III? The reason may very well be because the Shasu of Yahweh were indeed the Israelites and that they were still living in Egypt in the early 18th Dynasty.
The fact that the Shasu of Yahweh first appear in topographical lists under Amenhotep III in ca. 1400 BC fits perfectly with the Early Date of the Exodus, but this fact presents major problems for those scholars who believe that the Exodus took place during the reign of Pharaoh Rameses II in the 13th century BC. In any case, these references to Yahweh have been ignored for far too long by both conservative and liberal biblical scholars.
It thus appears very likely that the Shasu of Yahweh, who are mentioned in the topographical texts at Soleb and Amarah-West, were the Israelites who by about 1400 BC had settled into their own land (t3) in the mountains of Canaan. It also appears that for the ancient Egyptians the one feature that distinguished the Israelites from all the other Shasu (Semitic herders) in this area was their worship of the God of Yahweh.
Footnotes
1. Michael C. Astour, Yahweh in Egyptian Topographic Lists in Festschrift Elmar Edel in Agypten und Altes Testament, edited by Manfred Gorg (Bamberg, Germany, 1979. pp. 17-19. Astour points out in this article that there is a third likely use of the name Yahweh in the Medinet Habu topographical lists of Ramses III in the early 12th century BC, pp. 19-20. However, as will be seen below in this article, At Medinet Habu the name Yahweh appears in the form “yi-ha.” However, at Medinet Habu “yi-ha” is used without the phrase “land of the Shasu.”
2. Siegfried Herrmann, Israel in Egypt (Naperville, IL: Alec R. Allenson Inc., 1973). p. 25.
3. For the identification of the Egyptian name Tjekku with the Hebrew name Succoth, see Donald B. Redford, Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993), p. 203.
4. Herrmann, Israel in Egypt, pp. 26-27. See also Herrmann’s article Der Altestamentliche Gottesname in Evangelischen Theologie 26 (1966). pp. 289-291.
5. Kenneth R. Cooper, The Shasu of Palestine in Egyptian Texts, Part One, Artifax, Autumn, 2006, Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 22-27; and Part Two, Artifax, Winter, 2007, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 24-29.
6. Cooper, Shasu, Part One, pp. 24-25.
7. W.W. Hallo, ed. The Context of Scripture (Leiden: Brill, 2003), Vol. 3, p. 9. See also Clyde E. Billington, Goliath and the Exodus Giants: How Tall Were They? in the Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society, 48 (2005), pp. 505-506.
8. Redford, Egypt, Canaan, and Israel, p. 272.
9. Redford, Egypt, Canaan, and Israel, pp. 272-273.
10. Astour, Yahweh, pp. 20-29.
11. Astour, Yahweh, p. 29.
12. Astour, Yahweh, p. 28.
13. Astour, Yahweh, p. 26.
14. Astour, Yahweh, pp. 26-27.
15. Astour, Yahweh, p. 21.
16. Astour, Yahweh, p. 23.
17. Kenneth Ostrand, Aliens in Egypt, KMT. 17.2, Summer 2006, pp. 71-76.
18. Redford, Egypt, Canaan, and Israel, p. 272.
19. Redford, Egypt, Canaan, and Israel, p. 273.
20. Redford, Egypt, Canaan, and Israel, p. 272.
21. Astour, Yahweh, p. 21.
22. This question is taken from the New American Standard translation, but we have substituted Yahweh from the Hebrew for the word LORD.
http://www.biblearchaeology.org/post/2010/03/08/The-Name-Yahweh-in-Egyptian-Hieroglyphic-Texts.aspx
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Re: YHWH adalah Tuhannya suku nomaden penyembah berhala
by hamba tuhan Wed 28 Sep 2011, 12:09 am
hamba tuhan wrote:This article was originally published in the Autumn 2009 issue of Artifax. Posted with permission.
INTRODUCTION
Among ancient Egyptian designations for types of foreign peoples in the New Kingdom Period, the term Shasu occurs fairly frequently. It is generally accepted that the term Shasu means nomads or Bedouin people, referring primarily to the nomadic or semi-nomadic peoples of Syria-Palestine. There are two significant hieroglyphic references in New Kingdom Period texts to an area called “the land of the Shasu of Yahweh.”1 Except for the Old Testament, these are the oldest references found in any ancient texts to the God Yahweh. The purpose of this paper is to study these two references and assess their possible importance in dating the Exodus story.
THE TERM SHASU
The term Shasu is found in a variety of New Kingdom hieroglyphic texts including the military, administrative, and diplomatic documents of Thutmosis III, Amenhotep II, Thutmosis IV, Amenhotep III, Akhenaton, Seti I, Ramses II, Merneptah, and Rameses III. One of the most intriguing of the Nineteenth Dynasty documents referring to the Shasu is a letter, dated 1192 B.C., which states in part:
Another communication to my Lord: We have finished letting the Shasu tribes of Edom pass the fortress of Merneptah Hotep-hir-Maat…which is in Tjeku, to the pools of Per Atum of Merneptah Hotep-hir-Maat, which are in Tkeku, to keep them alive and to keep their cattle alive…2
Note here that the Shasu tribes are linked with the Edomites, a tribal people with a well-known relationship to the Israelites. Note too that these Shasu tribes were settled, after they crossed the border into Egyptian territory, at Per Atum in Tjeku, or, to put it in Biblical terms, at Pithom in Succoth.3 In addition, it should be noted that these Shasu Edomites were animal herders and that they were also, of course, Semites.
According to Exodus 1:11, Pithom and the nearby city of Rameses were two “storage cities” built by the Israelites for Pharaoh during their bondage in Egypt. In addition, the German scholar Siegfried Herrmann, who translated the above text, has identified the area of Tjeku, where the Shasu Edomites were settled, with the general area of the Land of Goshen mentioned in Genesis 46:34.4 The treatment of the Shasu Edomites by the officials of Pharaoh is reminiscent of Pharaoh’s earlier treatment of the Israelites in Egypt during the time of Joseph.
There are a few references in Egyptian texts to Shasu nomads living in the area of Nubia south of Egypt, but the vast majority of references are to Shasu living north of Egypt, and it is these Shasu who are the focus of this paper.
For an excellent study of the use of the term Shasu in Egyptian texts see Kenneth R.Cooper’s two part series of articles titled The Shasu of Palestine in Egyptian Texts that appeared in ARTIFAX.5 As Cooper points out, most Egyptologists derive the name Shasu from an Egyptian verb meaning “to wander” and thus translate it as “nomads” or “Bedouin.”
However, the vast majority of scholars who have written on the Shasu stress that they were a people who were not totally nomadic. There were specific geographic areas associated in Egyptian topographical texts with the Shasu, thus indicating that at least some Shasu lived a somewhat settled existence in defined areas. “Semi-nomadic” is probably a more accurate translation.6
While the term Shasu is used primarily for semi-nomadic Semitic herders who lived north of Egypt, it also has a secondary usage in some New Kingdom texts for the geographic areas where the Shasu lived. When used geographically in Egyptian texts, the hieroglyphic word t3 is used, and this word should be translated as “land of.” In the case of these two references that we are discussing, the Egyptian phrase is t3 sh3sw ya-h-wa, i.e. “the land of the Shasu of Yahweh.”
The term Shasu is almost exclusively used in New Kingdom texts for semi-nomadic peoples living in parts of Lebanon, Syria, Sinai, Canaan, and Transjordan. When used for nomads living in these areas, the term Shasu seems to have been used by the Egyptians almost exclusively for people groups that can clearly be identified as Semitic herders.
It is clear from New Kingdom texts that the Shasu were rarely if ever under the control of the Egyptian government and were almost always looked upon as enemies of the Egyptians. For example, at the famous Battle of Kadesh in ca. 1275 BC, there were Shasu soldiers who were allies of the Hitites against Rameses II.
It is likely that the Egyptians of the New Kingdom Period classified all of the Edomites, Ammonites, Moabites, Amalekites, Midianites, Kenites, Hapiru, and Israelites as Shasu. This list should also probably include the Amorites and the Arameans. There is even a reference dating to ca. 1250 BC in Papyrus Anastasi I to a group of giant Shasu living in Canaan who could be identified with the giants encountered by the Israelites at the time of the Exodus.7
THE LAND OF THE SHASU OF YAHWEH
The two New Kingdom inscriptions which refer to “the Land of the Shasu of Yahweh” are found in topographical lists. One list is at Soleb and the second at Amarah-West.
Soleb, a temple dedicated to the god Amon-Re, was built by the Pharaoh Amenhotep III in ca. 1400 BC. Today it is located in the nation of Sudan, on the left bank of the Nile about 135 miles south of Wadi-Halfa.
Amarah-West, which is also located in Sudan, is a construction of Rameses II in the 13th century BC and has massive topographical lists inscribed in it. The section of the Amarah-West topographical list which contains the reference to “the land of the Shasu of Yahweh,” was almost certainly copied from the earlier list at Soleb.
It must be noted at this point that Egyptologists in general do not question the appearance of the name Yahweh in these two lists. For example, Donald Redford writes of the reference to Yahweh at Soleb:
For half a century it has been generally admitted that we have here the tetragrammaton, the name of the Israelite god “Yahweh”; and if this be the case, as it undoubtedly is, the passage constitutes the most precious indication of the whereabouts during the late 15th century BC of an enclave revering this god.
Redford identifies the Shasu of Yahweh with the Edomites and argues that Yahweh was at first worshipped as an Edomite god. He also argues that one tribe of Edomites split from the main body of Edomites, moved northwest, and became one of the tribes of the Israelites, taking their god Yahweh with them. For Redford, this explains how Yahweh became the God of the Israelites.9
There are several problems with Redford’s position, and these will be dealt with later. It suffices here to note that there are almost no scholars who question the appearance of the name Yahweh at Soleb and Amarah-West.
The best discussion of the place names in Egyptian topographical lists that are related to the location of “the land of the Shasu of Yahweh” is that of Michael Astour in his chapter in the Festshrift Elmar Edel published in 1979. Astour points out that the place names listed at Soleb and Amarah-West include both Egyptian possessions in Syria-Palestine as well as non-Egyptian controlled ethnic groups and regions in that area.
The topographical lists that are of most interest are the group of texts which read “t3 Sh3sw of X”, or “Land of the Shasu of X,” where X is normally a place. Astour observes that, contrary to what has been stated by some other scholars, Donald Redford being a good example, not all of the Shasu lands mentioned by Amenhotep III, and copied by Rameses II, were located in the general areas of Syria, Lebanon, Canaan, Sinai, and Trans-Jordan.10
Even though Egyptologists accept the appearance of the name Yahweh in the topographical lists at Soleb and Amarah-West, the implications of its appearance do not seem to have been fully appreciated by Old Testament scholars. Of course the question remains, who or what is being referred to by the word Yahweh? Is it a reference to the God of Israel? Or is it just a reference to a town or city like any of the other toponyms beginning with t3 sh3sw?
In other words, should the phrase t3 sh3sw ya-h-wa be translated as “the land of the nomads who worship the God Yahweh” or should it be translated as “the land of the nomads who live in the area of Yahweh.” The answer to this is not known with absolute certainty, but even if Yahweh is a place in these hieroglyphic texts, it was clearly place named after the god Yahweh of the Old Testament. Anything less seems too coincidental. But let us look at Astour’s proposed locations of the other t3 Sh3sw toponyms in these lists at Soleb and Amarah-West.
Astour correlates the Amarah list of Rameses II with the Soleb list of Amenhotep III. He also correlates both of these lists with a parallel, but partial, topographical list of Rameses III which is located in his great mortuary temple at Medinet Habu on the west bank of the Nile at Luxor.
First let us look at Astour correlation of the parallel portions of the Amarah and Soleb lists. Both of the lists begin with a place called t3 sh3sw pys-pys, which Astour identifies with a spring in the Biqa Valley, near the Litani River in modern Lebanon.11 It is clearly located north of Canaan.
The second place in the two lists is Sa-ma-ta, a place that Astour again is quite certain as to its precise location. He identifies Sa-ma-ta with Samat, a site on the Phoenician coast some seven miles south of Batrun. This site is located north of Canaan in an area that is generally considered to be Phoenician, again far away from Edom.12
The third place name and the one that is of the greatest interest to us is “the Land of the Shasu of Yahweh.” Astour makes no attempt to locate this people group, and for a good reason. There is no topographical site in the entire region today that bears the name Yahweh or anything remotely similar. There is also no biblical reference or ancient historical source that mentions a topographical site named Yahweh. We will return to this point later.
Astour observes that the name Yahweh also appears in a topographical list at Medinet Habu (12th century B.C.) with the variant spelling yi-ha.13 This constitutes a third reference in hieroglyphic texts to Yahweh. However, in the Medinet Habu list, the phrase “the Land of the Shasu” has been omitted.
Astour believes that yi-ha is just a variant of ya-h-wa as found on the Soleb and Amarah-West topographical lists. He also believes that it refers to the same people since it is followed n all three lists by some version of a place called “the Land of the Shasu of Tu-ra/Tu-ra-ba-ar.” However, the Medinet Habu list has mistakenly split the name Tu-ra from the last elements of this place’s full name. Tu-ra-ba-ar, and has made this one locality into two places. Nevertheless, the full name t3 shsw tu-ra-ba-ar appears after the place mentioning Yahweh on both the Soleb and Amarah lists.
Astour has identified Tu-ra-ba-ar with the name Turbul. It should be remembered that the Egyptian language has no L sound and routinely uses R for L sounds. Astour states that there are two possible locations for ancient Tu-ra-ba-ar, both with the modern name Turbul. One is located in the Biqa Valley in Lebanon and the other a little further north but also in Lebanon.14
It should be observed at this point that the Amarah-West list presents, at the head of the Shasu lands section, two additional Shasu locations not found in the earlier text from Soleb. The first, Sa-a-r-ar, is difficult to identify on linguistic grounds. Some scholars, including Redford, have identified it with Mt. Seir in Edom, but other identifications have also been suggested.15 However, if this toponym does refer to Mt. Se’ir and therefore to Edom, the Egyptians seemingly were differentiating between the Land of the Shasu of Yahweh and the Land of the Shasu of Edom.
Another item in the Amarah list of Shasu sites that does not occur at Soleb, is ra-ba-na. However, this term does occur at Medinet Habu, and Astour identifies it with the city state of Labana in Middle Syria.16 Again, this shows that Shasu peoples and their lands were spread throughout the region and were not limited to just the areas of Edom and the Sinai.
Now let us draw some conclusions regarding the Land of the Shasu of Yahweh. Since no geographical term that is anything like Yahweh has been identified, this suggests that the hieroglyphic phrase t3 sh3sw ya-h-wa should be translated as “the land of the nomads who worship the God Yahweh” rather than as “the land of the nomads who live in the area of Yahweh.” In addition, the fact that no geographical term anything like Yahweh has been identified also strengthens the likelihood that the words ya-h-wa in the Soleb and Amarah texts are indeed early mentions of the God of Israel.
As Astour points out, the reference to Yahweh at Soleb is 500 years earlier than the well-known Moabite Stone’s reference to Yahweh, and thus it is by far the earliest non-biblical occurrence of the name Yahweh. Even if Yahweh in these Egyptian texts is a place, it seems nearly certain that such an area, city, or town was named after the Hebrew God of Yahweh of the Old Testament. We thus still would have the earliest references to the God of Yahweh found outside of the Old Testament.
Scene 5 of Pharaoh Merneptah's Canaanite battle reliefs in the Karnak Temple. Merenptah binds Shasu prisoners to take back to Egypt, drawing above, picture below. The Shasu, a desert-dwelling people, are depicted as bearded, wearing short, often tasseled, kilts or ankle-length garments and turbans. The texts flanking the scene are largely rhetorical, praising the virtues of the king. They say, in part, “Strong Bull, sharp-horned and resolute, who treads down the Asiatics...he causes the chiefs of Khurru (= Palestine) to cease all boasting with their mouths”. Photo: Mike Luddeni
Pharaoh Merneptah's Canaanite battle reliefs in the Karnak Temple. Scene 8, Shasu captives, picture above, drawing below. Part of a larger scene which originally would have depicted Merenptah presenting captives to the god Amun. Text from a loose block which may belong to this scene reads in part, “Presentation of tribute by His Majesty to his father Amun, [when] he returned from the land of despicable Retenu (Syria), and the chiefs of the foreign lands”. Photo: Mike Luddeni
EGYPTIAN SYNCRETISM AND THE GOD YAHWEH
At this point it is worth taking a look at Egyptian references to foreign gods and goddesses to see how they were normally treated. Kenneth Ostrand published a study of foreign deities in ancient Egypt in 2006 in KMT magazine.17 Let us survey four of them.
The West Semitic goddess Astarte, who probably evolved out of Semitic Ishtar and/or Sumerian Inanna, was a goddess of love and fertility. She does not appear in Egyptian texts until the reign of Amenhotep II in the 15th century BC, when she is mentioned in that king’s famous sphinx stele as being pleased with the king’s vaunted horsemanship. It is important to note that in the New Kingdom Period Astarte was made a consort of Set and a daughter of Re. It is possible that her connection with Set had something to do with the warlike nature of both deities. In Egyptian art, Astarte is depicted standing on a horse, with a crown on her head, and holding various weapons. A temple to her was built at Tell el Daba, biblical Rameses, a city site associated both with the Israelites and the Hyksos. The city of Rameses was also the 19th Dynasty’s capital of Egypt.
Another West Semitic female warrior deity revered in Egypt was Anath, who appears as early as the late Middle Kingdom, perhaps as a part of the influx of Semites into Egypt that eventually produced the so-called Hyksos period. After a brief hiatus in Dynasty 18, Anath enjoyed a resurgence of popularity in Dynasty 19, being credited with military victories of Seti I and his son Rameses II. The center of her worship was the Delta. Because of the sexual nature of her worship, Anath was viewed as an associate of a number of sexually-oriented Egyptian deities, Min, Hathor, and Set. She was depicted either wearing a traditional Egyptian sheath dress or as wearing nothing at all. She also tended to be shown holding weapons, such as a spear or battle axe.
Reshef, a Canaanite god of war and thunder, seems to have been introduced into Egypt by the Hyksos. As king of the netherworld, Reshef was thought to bring plague and war upon humanity. The Egyptians depicted him in a distinctly Syrian style, with kilt, beard, and horned helmet, but he could also be shown wearing the White Crown of Upper Egypt and holding the Egyptian ankh and scepter, or sometimes holding Canaanite weapons. This, along with the Reshef’s insertion as a member of a trinity of deities with the god Min and the goddess Qadesh, shows the marked degree of syncretistic integration of foreign deities into the Egyptian pantheon.
Deities from even more obscure areas could also be worshipped in Egypt. An example cited by Ostrand is Ash, a Libyan god who entered Egypt in the Middle Kingdom. He was, naturally, a god of desert regions and oases and was eventually totally equated with the Egyptian god Set. The ancient Egyptians depicted Ash as a man with either a hawk or a snake head, or sometimes as a lion or vulture.
All of this illustrates that the Egyptians were perfectly willing to worship foreign gods, including building temples to them, giving them Egyptian attributes, emphasizing their similarities to their own gods and goddesses, and even sometimes to completely equating them with them with their own deities.
By studying the general syncretistic acceptance by the ancient Egyptians of the gods of other nations and by comparing their syncretistic acceptance of foreign gods with the treatment afforded Yahweh, one recognizes that Yahweh was for some reason treated very differently. Clearly the Egyptians knew about Yahweh as can be seen in the Soleb, Amarah-West, and Medinet Habu topographical lists, but they did not worship him, and they apparently did not want to worship him.
Nor was Yahweh equated to or identified with any Egyptian deity. There were no temples to Yahweh built by the Egyptians, nor were there any artistic representations made of him, or in fact even any discussions of him in Egyptian texts. There are no other mentions of him in any Egyptian texts besides the topographical references found at Soleb, Amarah-West, and Medinet Habu. It appears that the ancient Egyptians placed Yahweh into a category all by himself. To say the least, this is very strange for the syncretistic Egyptians. A possible explanation is that Yahweh was seen by the Egyptians as an enemy God, of an enemy tribal group which was a part of the hated Shasu peoples who lived north of Egypt.
WAS YAHWEH A PLACE NAME?
It seems significant that there is no modern or ancient place name that can be connected with the name Yahweh. One in fact wonders if the attempts by Astour and others to always supply a place name at the end of the phrase “Land of the Shasu of X” is not putting the cart before the horse.
Perhaps what we now accept as place names in these topographical lists were originally something else, perhaps the names of deities or of eponymous ancestor that came to be attached to a particular group of Shasu nomads/Bedouin. For example, was sa-ma-ta a leader or some other important figure for a group of Shasu, and was his name only later attached to a physical location? It should be noted that this was exactly what happened to the name Israel; first it was the name of an eponymous ancestor, but later it became the name of a place.
Perhaps originally none of the terms indicated by the phrase “the land of the Shasu of X” were place names, including the name Yahweh. This possibility again suggests that the hieroglyphic phrase t3 sh3sw ya-h-wa could and probably should be interpreted as “the Land of the Shasu who worship the God Yahweh” rather than being interpreted as “the land of the Shasu who live at a place called Yahweh.” By any means, topographical lists at both Soleb and Amarah-West unquestionably use the name Yahweh, and this Yahweh is almost unquestionably the God of the Israelites of the Old Testament.
WHO WERE THE SHASU OF YAHWEH?
Donald Redford, in his book Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times, assumes that the Shasu of Yahweh were very early worshippers of the God Yahweh. Redford also argues that these early worshippers of Yahweh were a tribe of Edomites who originally lived in the general area of Edom in the 15th century BC. Redford writes:
But lists from Soleb and Amarah, ultimately of fifteen century B.C. origin, suggest that an original concentration of Shasu lay in southern Transjordan in the plains of Moab and northern Edom.18
Redford here contradicts Astour who argued that the Shasu mentioned in the Soleb, Amarah-West, and Medinet Habu lists were scattered over Canaan, Lebanon, and part of Syria, and were not just located in the area of Edom. Redford not only assumes that the Land of the Shasu of Yahweh was located in the general area of Edom, but he also assumes that the earliest worshippers of Yahweh were Edomites. He then goes on to argue that the worship of Yahweh was introduced to proto-Israelites in the mountains of Canaan by a tribe of Edomites who migrated northwest and merged with these proto-Israelite tribed. Redford writes:
The only reasonable conclusion is that one major component in the later amalgam that constituted Israel, and the one with whom the worship of Yahweh originated, must be looked for among the Shasu of Edom already the end of the fifteenth century B.C.19
However, as was noted above, there are problems with Redford’s assumptions.
First, there is no evidence that the Shasu of Yahweh were Edomites. If they were Edomites, then it must be explained why the Edomites are strangely mentioned twice in the list at Amarah West since Redford translates the phrase t3 sh3sw sa-a-r-ar on this list as the "land of the Shasu of Se’ir".
As Redford himself notes, Se’ir is another name for Edom in the Old Testament. Redford writes of Amarah West: “Here a group of six names is identified as in “the land of the Shasu” and tehse include Se’ir (i.e. Edom).”20 If Redford is correct in his translation of this phrase, then, as was noted above, the Edomites are strangely mentioned twice in the six references to the “lands of the Shasu of X” found at Amarah West. Of course, Redford would probably respond to this criticism by answering that he believed that all six references to “the land of the Shasu of X” were references to Edomite groups who in the fifteenth century BC were located in the general area of Edom, an assumption that Astour strong rejected.
And second, there is a major problem with Redford’s Edomite theory because Sa-a-r-ar may not be Mt. Se’ir, i.e. Edom. Astour questions translating Sa-a-r-ar as Se'ir because of the way that it is spelled in the list at Amarah. Sa-a-r-ar is an unusual Egyptian spelling for Mt. Se’ir, if it indeed is Mt. Se’ir. Sa-a-r-ar cannot be explained away as just a misspelling since it is also spelled the same way in an even earlier topographical list of Pharaoh Thutmosis III.21 If Sa-a-r-ar was not Se’ir, then, as Astour suggests, it might not have even been located in the area of ancient Edom.
Based upon the evidence provided by Astour, Redford’s theory that the Shasu of Yahweh were Edomites has very little to support it. Who then were the Shasu of Yahweh?
THE SHASU OF YAHWEH AND THE DATE OF THE EXODUS
There are two indisputable facts that Old Testament scholars must face when dealing with these hieroglyphic references to the Shasu of Yahweh. First, there is no doubt that the name of the Israelite God Yahweh appears in these hieroglyphic texts at Soleb and Amarah-West, and also probably at Medinet Habu. And second, at Soleb the reference to Yahweh dates to ca. 1400 BC during the reign of Pharaoh Amenhotep III. In other words Pharaoh Amenhotep III, or at least his scribes, must have at least heard about the Hebrew God Yahweh in ca. 1400 BC. This fact is highly significant when trying to date the Exodus of the Israelites from Egypt under Moses.
In Exodus 5:2 Pharaoh answers the first request of Moses to allow the Israelites to go into the desert to worship Yahweh by saying “Who is Yahweh that I should obey His voice to let Israel go? I do know not Yahweh and besides I will not let the Israelites go.”22 Pharaoh appears here to be saying that he had never heard of the God Yahweh. This interpretation of Pharaoh’s statement is reinforced by Exodus 7:17 where God responds to Pharaoh: “Thus says Yahweh, ‘by this you will know that I am Yahweh, behold I will strike the water that is in the Nile with the staff that is in my hand, and it will become blood.”’ (NASV)
In his third meeting with Moses and Aaron after the second plague, Pharaoh clearly recognized Yahweh as some sort of deity and asked Moses and Aaron to pray to Yahweh to remove the plague of frogs (see Exodus 8:
CONCLUSION
It is clear that there once was a group of Shasu Bedouin/nomads living in Syria-Palestine who were associated with either a deity or a place named Yahweh. It is also clear that the name Yahweh was known to the Egyptians in the 18th Dynasty during the reign of Pharaoh Amenhotep III.
But it must be admitted at this point that we also know from the Old Testament that there were other worshippers of Yahweh in Canaan who did not go into Egypt and therefore did not leave Egypt at the time of the Exodus. The question thus arises, were they perhaps the Shasu of Yahweh mentioned at Soleb and Amarah?
Although we do not have all the information that we wish we did, it is significant that there are no mentions of the Shasu of Yahweh in Egyptian texts earlier than the reign of Amenhotep III. If the group in question were Yahweh followers who never went to Egypt, why are they absent in topographical lists from the early period of the 18th Dynasty, for example, from the extensive topographical lists of Thutmosis III? The reason may very well be because the Shasu of Yahweh were indeed the Israelites and that they were still living in Egypt in the early 18th Dynasty.
The fact that the Shasu of Yahweh first appear in topographical lists under Amenhotep III in ca. 1400 BC fits perfectly with the Early Date of the Exodus, but this fact presents major problems for those scholars who believe that the Exodus took place during the reign of Pharaoh Rameses II in the 13th century BC. In any case, these references to Yahweh have been ignored for far too long by both conservative and liberal biblical scholars.
It thus appears very likely that the Shasu of Yahweh, who are mentioned in the topographical texts at Soleb and Amarah-West, were the Israelites who by about 1400 BC had settled into their own land (t3) in the mountains of Canaan. It also appears that for the ancient Egyptians the one feature that distinguished the Israelites from all the other Shasu (Semitic herders) in this area was their worship of the God of Yahweh.
Footnotes
1. Michael C. Astour, Yahweh in Egyptian Topographic Lists in Festschrift Elmar Edel in Agypten und Altes Testament, edited by Manfred Gorg (Bamberg, Germany, 1979. pp. 17-19. Astour points out in this article that there is a third likely use of the name Yahweh in the Medinet Habu topographical lists of Ramses III in the early 12th century BC, pp. 19-20. However, as will be seen below in this article, At Medinet Habu the name Yahweh appears in the form “yi-ha.” However, at Medinet Habu “yi-ha” is used without the phrase “land of the Shasu.”
2. Siegfried Herrmann, Israel in Egypt (Naperville, IL: Alec R. Allenson Inc., 1973). p. 25.
3. For the identification of the Egyptian name Tjekku with the Hebrew name Succoth, see Donald B. Redford, Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993), p. 203.
4. Herrmann, Israel in Egypt, pp. 26-27. See also Herrmann’s article Der Altestamentliche Gottesname in Evangelischen Theologie 26 (1966). pp. 289-291.
5. Kenneth R. Cooper, The Shasu of Palestine in Egyptian Texts, Part One, Artifax, Autumn, 2006, Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 22-27; and Part Two, Artifax, Winter, 2007, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 24-29.
6. Cooper, Shasu, Part One, pp. 24-25.
7. W.W. Hallo, ed. The Context of Scripture (Leiden: Brill, 2003), Vol. 3, p. 9. See also Clyde E. Billington, Goliath and the Exodus Giants: How Tall Were They? in the Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society, 48 (2005), pp. 505-506.
8. Redford, Egypt, Canaan, and Israel, p. 272.
9. Redford, Egypt, Canaan, and Israel, pp. 272-273.
10. Astour, Yahweh, pp. 20-29.
11. Astour, Yahweh, p. 29.
12. Astour, Yahweh, p. 28.
13. Astour, Yahweh, p. 26.
14. Astour, Yahweh, pp. 26-27.
15. Astour, Yahweh, p. 21.
16. Astour, Yahweh, p. 23.
17. Kenneth Ostrand, Aliens in Egypt, KMT. 17.2, Summer 2006, pp. 71-76.
18. Redford, Egypt, Canaan, and Israel, p. 272.
19. Redford, Egypt, Canaan, and Israel, p. 273.
20. Redford, Egypt, Canaan, and Israel, p. 272.
21. Astour, Yahweh, p. 21.
22. This question is taken from the New American Standard translation, but we have substituted Yahweh from the Hebrew for the word LORD.
http://www.biblearchaeology.org/post/2010/03/08/The-Name-Yahweh-in-Egyptian-Hieroglyphic-Texts.aspx
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Re: YHWH adalah Tuhannya suku nomaden penyembah berhala
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Re: YHWH adalah Tuhannya suku nomaden penyembah berhala
by hamba tuhan Thu 10 May 2012, 10:23 pm
mencari petunjuk wrote:
jgn disundul trus thread ini bung MP... kasian tetangga sebelah......
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Re: YHWH adalah Tuhannya suku nomaden penyembah berhala
by agus Thu 10 May 2012, 10:55 pm
Para senior sudah kembali OL, tapi koq gak ngajak-ngajak ya ?
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Re: YHWH adalah Tuhannya suku nomaden penyembah berhala
by hamba tuhan Thu 10 May 2012, 11:32 pm
agus wrote:Para senior sudah kembali OL, tapi koq gak ngajak-ngajak ya ?
kan udah di PM duluan mas agusku sayang.....
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by hamba tuhan Thu 10 May 2012, 11:33 pm
agus wrote:Para senior sudah kembali OL, tapi koq gak ngajak-ngajak ya ?
shaggy, tomjer, ingin tau msh ol mereka mas agus??????
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kubim, kesini dong
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Re: YHWH adalah Tuhannya suku nomaden penyembah berhala
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sorga pelacur&preman wrote:
Bagaimana dengan kabah dan juga batu item hajar aswad nya ? ceritaiin duonk..?????
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